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PSYC 2400 > Lecture 5: Eyewitness Testimony and Police Interviewing > Flashcards

Lecture 5: Eyewitness Testimony and Police Interviewing Flashcards

1
Q

absolute judgment

A

Refers to instances where a witness compares their memory of the culprit to each lineup member and asks “is this the person I saw commit the crime”.

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2
Q

estimator variable

A

A variable that influences the accuracy of eyewitness recall and/or recognition that is not under the control of the criminal justice system (e.g., the age of the witness).

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3
Q

eyewitness recall

A

Recollection of actions, people and circumstances involved in a crime by the witnesses of that crime.

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4
Q

eyewitness recognition

A

Recognition of the culprit who committed a crime by the witnesses of that crime using a procedure where the suspect is placed among others.

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5
Q

misinformation effect

A

The misinformation effect refers to the fact that providing misleading information in the retention interval (between when someone has witnessed an event and when someone is asked to recall the event) can decrease our ability to recall memories correctly.

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6
Q

relative judgment

A

Refers to instances where a witness selects a person who most resembles the witness’s memory of the culprit relative to the other lineup members.

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7
Q

system variable

A

A variable that influences the accuracy of eyewitness recall and/or recognition that is under the control of the criminal justice system (e.g., interview style).

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8
Q

enhanced cognitive interview

A

an interview procedure used by the police where various principles of memory and cognition are drawn on in an attempt to improve recall accuracy, as well as various principles of social dynamics. The enhanced cognitive interview includes the four features found in the original cognitive interview plus five more features

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9
Q

original cognitive interview

A

an interview procedure used by the police where various principle of memory and cognition are drawn on in an attempt to improve recall accuracy. The original cognitive interview includes four features

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10
Q

standard police interview

A

The type of interview police supposedly use if they have not received interview training. The standard police interview is characterized by frequent interruptions, closed questions, inappropriate sequence of questions, negative phrasing, and leading questions.

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11
Q

sequence of memory processing

A

Encoding -> storage -> retrieval

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12
Q

example of an estimator variable

A

witness characteristics

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13
Q

example of a system variable

A

interview style

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14
Q

what phases of memory do we have control over?

A

retrieval

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15
Q

field studies

A

examine eyewitness testimony from real crimes

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16
Q

validity of field studies

A

High external validity, low internal validity

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17
Q

lab studies

A

examine eyewitness issues in a controlled environment

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18
Q

validity of lab studies

A

High internal validity, low external validity

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19
Q

impact of violence on memory

A

Violence elicits emotional arousal, which impedes memory encoding

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20
Q

attentional narrowing

A

focusing on elements of a crime but not, other peripheral elements

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21
Q

The Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

a moderate level of arousal is optimal

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22
Q

misinformation as an estimator variable

A

Providing misleading information in the retention interval can decrease our ability to recall memories correctly

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23
Q

Elizabeth Loftus misinformation effect study

A

found that asking eyewitnesses “Did the person carrying the hammer walk or run out of the store” when a screwdriver was actually present made the majority remember having seen a hammer

24
Q

Misinformation is most effective when it:

A
  • Deals with peripheral details
  • Is provided after a delay
  • Is provided just before a test
  • Comes from a high-status source
25
Q

Three possible explanations for the misinformation effect

A
  1. memory impairment
  2. source attribution
  3. misinformation acceptance
26
Q

memory impairment

A

suggests that the new misleading information replaces the old information

27
Q

source attribution

A

suggests that when you get to recall, you have a memory trace of both the real and misleading information and become confused as to the source of the information

28
Q

misinformation acceptance

A

suggests that witnesses conform to the experimenter’s design characteristics

29
Q

Elizabeth Loftus explanations for the misinformation effect study

A
  • Presented participants with two options, neither of which are in memory but are forced to make a selection. One of the options was the original stimulus. Found that 80% of participants chose the original stimulus, despite it not being in memory
  • Demonstrates that the memory impairment view is incorrect
30
Q

system vairables in police lineups

A
  • Lineup presentation
  • Lineup content
  • Lineup instructions
  • Administrator influence
31
Q

types of lineup presentation

A
  • Photo spread (CA & CP)
  • ID parade (CA & CP)
  • Show up (CA & CP)
  • Walk through (CA & CP)
32
Q

absolute vs. relative judgment

A
  • Culprit-absent lineups can cause serious problems
  • The problem is the misidentification of innocent people
  • This is caused by the use of relative judgments
  • We want witnesses to use absolute judgment
33
Q

simultaneous lineup

A
  • Shown members all at once
  • The decision is made by the witness
34
Q

sequential lineup

A
  • Shown members one at a time
  • Told that the culprit may not be present
  • Not told how many photos
  • The decision made when shown a photo
35
Q

what is the biggest problem with lineups?

A

biased lineups

36
Q

how do police get around biased lineups?

A
  • Biased lineups are the primary problem
  • Police get around this by matching the foils to the witness’s description of the suspect
37
Q

lineup instructions

A
  • Telling the eyewitness that the culprit may not be in the lineup is the instruction receiving the most attention
  • It is known to decrease mistaken identifications in culprit-absent lineups but it does not decrease positive identifications in culprit-present lineups
38
Q

adminstrator influence

A
  • Administrator behaviour can have an impact on eyewitness accuracy
  • This includes verbal and nonverbal cues
39
Q

recommendations for improving police lineups

A
  • Lineup members should fit the description of the culprit provided by the witness
  • Instructions should be provided prior to the lineup that the culprit may be absent
  • Eyewitness confidence in their identification should be recorded immediately before any feedback from the administrator
  • The officer conducting the lineup should be blind to the identity of the suspect
  • Provided a blind presentation is employed, the sequential lineup should be used
  • The whole procedure should be video-taped
40
Q

purpose of a police interivew

A
  • Gather accurate information
  • Gather detailed information
  • Gather complete information
41
Q

characteristics of the standard police interview (SI)

A
  • Frequent interruptions
  • Closed questions
  • Inappropriate sequencing
  • Leading questions
  • Confusing questions
  • Judgmental comments
42
Q

4 memory-enhacing techniques of the cognitive interview

A
  • context reinstatement
  • report everything
  • change perspectives
  • reverse order
43
Q

context reinstatment

A

the witness is asked to reconstruct the physical and personal context of the time of the events

44
Q

report everything

A

telling them to report everything, whether or not they think it is important

45
Q

change perspectives

A

encouraging the witness to think of things from another perspective

46
Q

reverse order

A

asking the witness to recall the events in a different order

47
Q

two underlying theories behind the cognitive interview

A
  • Encoding specificity principles
  • Schema theory
48
Q

encoding specificity principle

A

A retrieval cue is effective to the extent that sufficient overlap exists between the encoded information and the retrieval cues

49
Q

scuba study

A

found that people who learned information above water and were tested above water and those who learned information below water and were tested below the water did better than when there was a mismatch

50
Q

schema theory

A

Events are associated with schemas (cognitive structures representing knowledge about a concept) that are generated by experiences and this guides the encoding and retrieval of events

51
Q

Loftus car accident study

A

exposed participants to a video of a car accident without broken class. She found that most participants remembered broken glass because it was in their schema of a car accident

52
Q

does the original cognitive interview work?

A
  • 20-35% more effective than SI
  • Minimal increase in errors
53
Q

5 additional features of the enhanced cognitive interview

A
  • Establish rapport
  • Focus retrieval
  • Compatible questions
  • Supportive behaviour
  • Transfer control
54
Q

does the ECI work?

A
  • There are mixed results when it was compared to an original cognitive interview
  • This may be because police officers use these techniques in the original cognitive interview anyway
55
Q

problems with the CI

A
  • Takes longer to conduct and train
  • Some components are more useful
  • Problems applying it in the field
  • It’s only for certain individuals (kids don’t respond well to it)

PSYC 2400 (20 decks)

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