Lecture 5. Emerging Infectious Diseases Flashcards
What are defined as ‘emerging’ infectious diseases?
Newly emerging (newly appeared in a population)
Existing but rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range
Re-emerging/new epidemics of old pathogens
What are the four origins of EIDs?
Pathogen type
Transmission type
Drug resistance
Transmission mode
What is the effect of population movement/migration on the spread of disease?
Migration can replenish susceptibles, though more relevant to persistence than emergence
Movement can introduce the index case of an infection (taking a pathogen to another population or visiting a population and taking a pathogen ‘home’)
What factors are attributed to EIDs?
Deforestation
Agricultural development
Urbanisation
Habitat fragmentation
Road construction
Air and water pollution
Climate change
Hydrological changes, dam building
Population movement
Drug resistance
Better detection/diagnosis
What did the Cahora Bassa dam reduce downstream?
Reduced flooding, reduced free standing water, reduced breeding sites
Where is the Cahora Bassa Dam?
Mozambique, Zambezi River
What did the Cahora Bassa dam result in upstream?
Replaced fast flowing river with large man-made ‘stagnant’ lake – Near perfect large scale mosquito breeding site
What virus causes measles?
Measles morbillivirus
What is the R0 of measles?
18
How is measles transmitted?
Droplet and aerosol
What caused the measles outbreak in Ukraine?
Unrelated death following a vaccination lead to a loss of confidence in the vaccine, followed by armed conflict, vaccination levels were not sustained
When was the measles outbreak in Ukraine?
2017-20
How many cases and deaths were there in the measles outbreak in Ukraine?
> 115,000 cases
41 deaths
What caused the measles outbreak in the Philippines?
Vaccine scepticism
When was the measles outbreak in the Philippines?
2018-20
