Lecture 15. Non Communicable Disease Epidemiology Flashcards
What are noncommunicable diseases (NCD)?
Diseases of long duration and generally slow progression that are not passed from person to person (not contagious)
How many deaths each year are caused by NCDs?
63% (36 million of 57 million)
What are the three highest causes of deaths annually?
- Heart disease
- Stroke
- Lower respiratory infections
What is a risk factor?
A risk factor is an aspect of behaviour or lifestyle, environment or genetic profile that is associated with an increase in the occurrence a particular disease
What can risk factors be categorised as?
Modifiable and non-modifiable
What is a modifiable risk factor?
A factor that can be controlled or reduced, thus
reducing the probability of disease
What are examples of modifiable risk factors?
Physical inactivity, tobacco use, alcohol use/abuse and unhealthy diet (obesity is caused by a mixture of these factors)
What is a non-modifiable risk factor?
A risk factor that cannot be controlled
What are examples of non-modifiable risk factors?
Age, sex, race, family history (genetics)
What is epidemiology?
The study of disease in a population
What can be estimated from an epidemiology study?
The prevalence of disease
The incidence of disease
Factors associated with disease
Factors likely to be casually associated with disease
What is studied in descriptive epidemiology?
The pattern and frequency of health events in populations in terms of: person, place and time
With a purpose to identify problems for further study and to plan, provide and evaluate health services
What is studied in analytic epidemiology?
Studies the association between risk factors and disease with a purpose to determine why disease rates are what
they are in a particular population or subset of a population
What is diabetes?
Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs either when
the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when
the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces
What is insulin?
Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar
What is hyperglycaemia?
Raised blood sugar
A common effect of uncontrolled diabetes and over time leads to serious damage to many of the body’s systems,
especially the nerves and blood vessels
Why is diabetes an important public health condition?
The premature morbidity, mortality, reduced life
expectancy and financial and other costs
What are complications caused by diabetes?
Cardiovascular disease
Kidney disease
Retinopathy
Neuropathy
Amputation
Sexual dysfunction
Complications in pregnancy
Dementia
Globally, how many deaths per second are caused by diabetes and what percent of all global mortality in the 20-79 age group is caused by diabetes?
One death every 6 seconds
14.5%
What results in type 2 diabetes?
The body’s ineffective use of insulin
What percentage of people who have diabetes have type 2 diabetes?
> 85%
What can cause type 2 diabetes?
Excess body weight and physical inactivity
What is the estimated number of people in the UK that have diabetes?
4.5 million
What is the estimated number of people in the UK that have diabetes but have not been diagnosed?
1.1 million
What is the total cost (direct care and indirect costs) associated with diabetes in the UK currently?
£23.7 billion
What is the total cost associated with diabetes expected to rise to in 2035?
£39.8 billion
What is the global prevalence of diabetes?
8.5%
What 5 countries have the highest prevalence of diabetes?
- Tokelau (37.5%)
- Micronesia (35%)
- Marshall Islands (34.9%)
- Kiribati (28.8%)
- Cook Islands (25.7%)
What regions have the highest diabetes prevalence?
Polynesia and the Middle East
What are the rick factors of diabetes?
Obesity: accounts for 80 – 85% of the risk of
getting type 2 diabetes (particularly abdominal
fat)
Deprivation – often leads to obesity
Age
Genetic (type 1 diabetes) – risk is 15x higher (there is an increased risk for T2 also)
Ethnicity/race
Which ethnic groups have about a three to five times greater prevalence of adult type 2 diabetes when compared with the white European population?
South Asian and African-Caribbean people
