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Clinical Psychology > Lecture 5 - Drugs and Alcohol > Flashcards

Lecture 5 - Drugs and Alcohol Flashcards

1
Q

How many adults in england are drinking at levels that pose some risk to their health?

A

10.8 million

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2
Q

How many adults in england may have some level of alcohol dependence?

A

1.6 million

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3
Q

What is the only drug you can die from withdrawing from?

A

Alcohol

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4
Q

What is the cost of alcohol to society per year?

A

£21 billion

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5
Q

What is the increase in drug use in the last decade?

A

20%

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6
Q

What is drug policy?

A

to protect users from harm - doesn’t actually do this. It is more based around historical ideas of withdrawals

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7
Q

What is the cost to the Uk of illegal drug use?

A
  • Around 300 000 opiate and crack users in UK
  • Estimated to have cost the UK £11 billion per year
  • Only £30 million of that to drug treatment and prevention
  • £2.6 billion legal costs for prosecuting drug offences
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8
Q

How many people in england smoke?

A

Over 6 million

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9
Q

How many deaths in people 35+ is smoking responsible for?

A

17%

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10
Q

What is addiction?

A
  • A state in which an organism engages in compulsive behaviour
  • Behaviour was once rewarding or pleasurable
  • Loss of control in limiting intake
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11
Q

What are common symptoms during alcohol withdrawal?

A

Day 1: Hangover
Day 2: Night sweats
Day 3: Shaking
Day 4: Paranoia
Day 5: Relief
Day 6: Brain fog
Day 7: Cravings
Day 8: Better sleep

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12
Q

Can patients withdraw from alcohol alone?

A

No. They will take benzodiazepine’s to ensure they don’t suffer from seizures making them die.

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13
Q

What causes addiction?

A

Dopamine is released and goes to the prefrontal cortex. Dopamine is the happy hormone. Drugs and alcohol cause a higher release than sex or laughter

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14
Q

What makes you vulnerable to addiction?

A
  • Biological / Genetic
  • Environmental / Social
  • Interaction
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15
Q

What is the genetic risk to alcoholism?

A
  • Identical twins (MZ) 54% concordance
  • Fraternal twins (DZ) 28%
  • Even when raised in different environments
  • 4 x higher risk for adoptee children when natural parents had alcohol problem
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16
Q

What are genetic protective factors?

A

Alcohol is broken down into Acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase then into acetate by aldehyde dehydrogenase (stops hangovers). Those without ALDH mean they are less likely to become addicted as drinking becomes unpleasant.

17
Q

What is a neural explanation to addiction?

A

Reduces striatal D2 receptor density in addiction
- Causation vs corraltion

18
Q

What did Morgan et al’s study tell us about environment effects in subordinate monkeys?

A
  • Had dominant and subordinate monkeys housed either individually or socially.
  • They gave these monkeys cocaine. The subordinate monkeys used more
  • Same cocaine use when individually housed, subordinate much higher cocaine use when socially housed
19
Q

What are the effects of reward on addiciton?

A
  • Crack cocaine users in hospital for a number of weeks, chance to earn $950
  • Make choices between pharmaceutical grade crack (immediate) or money (delayed) small rewards chose crack, large rewards money (Hart, 2000)
  • Lack of other rewards mean addicts choose drugs –
  • Vietnam War 20% heroin addiction but on return dropped back down to pre deployment levels
20
Q

What are the treatments for addiciton?

A
  • Medication
  • Motivation Enhancement Therapy
  • Contingency management
  • CBT
  • 12 step programmes
21
Q

What is the medication for addiction?

A
  • Benzodiazepines to stop people dying from alcohol withdrawals
  • Methadone to act on same receptors with a slower on and off set so their high is less intense e.g. heroin
  • Drugs that block or change effects of substances e.g. naltrexone, disulfiram (if you drink while taking this it makes you sick), buproprion (stops withdrawal effect)
  • Semaglutide - ozempic being an e.g.
22
Q

What is the motivation enhancement therapy?

A

change the conversations you have with SM users and the relationship you have with them
- open questions
- affirmations
- reflective listening
- summarize

23
Q

What is contingency management?

A

Reinforce peoples non-substance using

  • Reward other behaviours and make these available to them
  • If they are clean then they can receive a gift / reward
24
Q

What is CBT?

A
  • Recognising thinking biases, underlying beliefs
  • Coping the cravings
  • Identifying high risk situations and triggers
  • Problem solving skills
  • Activity scheduling, goal setting
25
Q

What is the 12 step programme?

26
Q

How common is relapse?

A

3.4 alcoholics are back drinking after 12 months

Clinical Psychology (13 decks)

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