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Brain & Behaviour > Lecture 5 - Cortex > Flashcards

Lecture 5 - Cortex Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

The Cortex

A
  • Cortical folding and intelligence
  • Brain size and evolution
  • Cortical Topography
  • Cortical Function
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2
Q

What is the neocortex?

A

Gyri and Sulci

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3
Q

Gyri

A

(plural: singular = gyrus) – convolution or bump – protruding rounded surfaces (folds)

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4
Q

Sulci

A

(plural: singular = sulcus) – valley between gyri or enfolded regions that appears as surface lines (gaps between gyri)

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5
Q

Fissure

A

very deep sulcus

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6
Q

What does sulci and gyri do?

A

Sulci and gyri maximize surface area - triples area of the brain.

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7
Q

What is cortical folding correlated with?

A

The degree of cortical folding is correlated with intelligence.

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8
Q

Across species do humans have more neocortex?

A

yes

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9
Q

The proportion of frontal cortex to the rest of the brain is also thought to be correlated with ______

A

intelligence

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10
Q

Mammalian NS’s are very similar. Species comparisons can yield insight into…

A

brain function

  • humans are more vision based
  • similar common areas
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11
Q

Specializations of the human brain

A
  • larger representations of the hands
  • neocortical specializations for speech
  • extreme hemispheric specialization
  • expanded prefrontal cortex
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12
Q

What does cortex look like?

A

very layered

- layers are cell differenciations

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12
Q

Cytoarchitecture

A

the cellular composition of a bodily structure

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12
Q

Cortical layers

A
  • Grey matter is made up of non-myelinated cells that have a layered appearance in cross section according to different cell types and groupings.
  • 6 layers but size and shape of cells and thickness of layers differs across brain regions.
  • motor cortex & sensory cortex with 6 layers each
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12
Q

Central (Rolandic) sulcus

A

splits frontal & parietal lobe

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12
Q

Lateral (Sylvian) fissure

A

splits horizontally temporal from frontal/parietal lobe

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12
Q

Longitudinal Fissure

A

AKA the interhemispheric fissure as it divides the 2 hemispheres

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12
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Thick band of nerve fibres that connect the left and right hemispheres.
- biggest fiber tract

  • used DTI
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13
Q

What is pre & post the central sulcus?

A

pre - motor cortex

post - somatosensory cortex

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14
Q

Brodman’s areas

A
  • Cytoarchitectonically defined regions (assigned numbers).

- Cytoarchitectonics – cellular organization differs across regions.

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15
Q

Cortical Topography

A
  • Cortical topography refers to the practice of ‘mapping’ functions (e.g., motor control) onto specific regions of the brain.
  • Hughlings Jackson – first noticed that specific body parts were involved in specific epileptic seizures – the Jacksonian march.
  • Proposed a “map” of the body in the brain – the homunculus.
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16
Q

Hughlings Jackson

A

first noticed that specific body parts were involved in specific epileptic seizures – the Jacksonian march.

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17
Q

“Map” of the body in the brain

A

the homunculus

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18
Q

Describe motor & somatosensory strips

A
  • Fine motor & ability to speak & talk takes a lot of motor movements (larger representation on motor cortex)
  • Lips, tongue, fingertips have a larger representation on somatosensory cortex
  • areas that are involved in delicate, fine sensory touch get more space
  • feel more delicate touches on fingertips than back
  • receptive fields are so densely packed on finger tips that you could tell it was 2 separate things touching you - if 2 prongs are close
  • receptive fields are larger in back so harder to distinguish b/t 2 v. closely related touches so you report as 1
19
Q

Why do the hand and face regions “get” more cortex than other regions?

A

more fine motor control or more touch receptors than other areas.

20
Q

More sensitive the area…

A

the more involved in fine motor control, the more brain real-estate it gets

21
Q

The Penfield Map – cortical topography

Brain mapping

A

Penfield did brain mapping

- stimulated various areas of brain & saw what it stimulated

22
Q

Phantom limb and the Penfield map

A
  • Limb amputation often leads to PHANTOM LIMB pain.
  • The phantom limb can be mapped onto the face (Ramachandran).
  • Hand representation actually next to chin (Servos - fMRI).
    • probably due to fetal position (Farah).
    • same would be true for feet and genitals being close together.
23
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

vision

  • upper bank of calcarine (cuneus) – lower visual field.
  • lower bank of the calcarine (lingual) – upper visual field.
24
Q

Retinotopy

A

mapping the visual world onto the visual cortex.

25
Q

Fovea

A

region on back of retina that is v. packed with higher acuity receptors (sharp vision happens)

26
Q

As we move out into the periphery, we can have…

A

much larger areas of periphery mapped onto a relatively smaller section of brain

27
Q

Why is periphery in less focus?

A

we don’t need to see perfect acuity in periphery - we just need to see movement

28
Q

Areas of brain that are more higher acuity…

A

got more real-estate devoted to them (larger section of cortex)

29
Q

Visual field defects.

A

Scotoma - blind spot

Quadrantanopia - loss of vision in a quarter of the visual field

Hemianopia - loss of vision in half of the visual field

30
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

“responsible for processing somatosensory information from the body; this includes touch, pain, temperature, and the sense of limb position.”

31
Q

Parietal Association Cortex

A
  • integrates sensory information from multiple modalities.

- goal directed actions.

32
Q

Superior parietal cortex damage result in…

A

optic ataxia, Balint’s syndrome.

problems in visually guided movements

33
Q

Left and right inferior parietal cortex play different roles:

A
  • left inferior parietal damage – apraxia. (difficulty with hand movements)
  • right inferior parietal damage – hemispatial neglect. (half of visual world is missing)
34
Q

Somatosensory cortex (within parietal lobe)

A

concerned with the conscious perception of touch, pressure, pain, temperature, position, movement and vibration.

35
Q

Hemispatial Neglect

A
  • damage to the right parietal lobe often results in a failure to attend to or represent information appearing on the left side of space despite intact sensory processing and visual acuity.
  • debilitating in every day life.
  • unable to construct adequate representations of the left side of space. (like their ignoring left side)

Olive Sacks - noticed someone only ate half of plate
- only saw half portion so he suggested for her to spin to see other side of food

36
Q

Olive Sacks

A
  • noticed someone only ate half of plate

- only saw half portion so he suggested for her to spin to see other side of food

37
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

“processing affect/emotions, language, and certain aspects of visual perception.”

38
Q

Temporal Cortex

A
  • auditory processing
  • language – Wernicke’s area
  • object and facial recognition (agnosia (inability to recognize objects) and prosopagnosia (inability to recognize faces))
  • Memory
  • emotional processing – the limbic system
39
Q

Primary auditory cortex:

A

The region of the superior temporal lobe whose primary input is from the auditory system.

40
Q

Insular cortex:

A

A sunken region of the cerebral cortex that is normally covered by the rostral superior temporal lobe and caudal inferior frontal lobe.

41
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

the “executive” brain!

  • executive control – planning and guiding behaviour, judgement.
  • not fully developed until late teens/early twenties.
42
Q

Damage to Frontal Cortex

A

damage can lead to personality changes, disorganized behaviour, disinhibition and inappropriate social behaviour, rigidity in thought, emotional lability (inappropriate laughing or crying).

43
Q

Phineas Gage and the Frontal Cortex.

A
  • injured by a tamping iron piecing his skull – probably affected both frontal lobes to some degree (perhaps left > right).
  • recovered but wasn’t the same.
  • became socially inappropriate, had difficulty maintaining a job. (diff. personality - had outburts (rude & impatient)
  • eventually became a sideshow attraction in Barnum and Bailey’s Circus (actually traveled with the tamping iron that had caused his injury).
44
Q

Primary motor cortex:

A

The region of the posterior frontal lobe that contains neurons that control movements of skeletal muscle.

45
Q

Contralateral Motor Control

A
  • left motor strip represents right sided motor control and vice versa.
  • same organization for the somatosensory strip.
46
Q

Association Cortex

A

Sensory association cortex

Motor association cortex

47
Q

Sensory association cortex:

A

Those regions of the cerebral cortex that receive information from regions of the primary sensory cortex.

48
Q

Motor association cortex:

A

The region of the frontal lobe rostral to the primary cortex; also known as the premotor cortex.

49
Q 
A bulge located between the adjacent grooves in the surface of the human cortex would be termed a
A) fissure.
B) gyrus.
C) cerebral aqueduct.
D) ventricle.
E) sulcus.
A

B) gyrus.

50
Q 
After sustaining a stroke involving the right parietal lobe, Mr. M continued to show problems in
A) understanding speech.
B) producing speech.
C) repeating words.
D) moving his right arm and leg.
E) grasping an object on the left.
A

E) grasping an object on the left.

area involved in goal directed movements

51
Q 
The planning and execution of movements is a function performed by association cortex in which cortical lobe?
A) occipital
B) frontal
C) temporal
D) insular
E) parietal
A

B) frontal

52
Q

Damage to the occipital cortex may result in which of the following?
A) problems in naming a song they knew before sustaining brain damage
B) difficulty in playing a tune on a piano
C) difficulty in naming an object the person can touch (but not see)
D) problems in recognizing an object by sight
E) an inability to recognize a familiar odor

A

D) problems in recognizing an object by sight

53
Q

Which of the following would be expected as a result of damage to the somatosensory association cortex?
A) problems in recognizing an object by sight
B) difficulty in playing a tune on a piano
C) difficulty in naming an object the person can touch (but not see)
D) problems in naming a song they knew before sustaining brain damage
E) an inability to recognize a familiar odor

A

C) difficulty in naming an object the person can touch (but not see)

Brain & Behaviour (17 decks)

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