Lecture 4 - Neuroanatomy & the Development of the Brain Flashcards
Anterior
meaning “FRONT,” sometimes referred to as frontal or rostral
Medial
meaning “MIDDLE”
Dorsal
meaning “ABOVE,” sometimes referred to as superior
Posterior
meaning “TAIL,” sometimes referred to as caudal
Lateral
meaning “SIDE”
Ventral
meaning “BELOW,” or “BELLY,” sometimes referred to as inferior
Horizontal plane
cut it horizontal
- It is created by slicing the brain perpendicular to the long axis of the body, and thus parallel to the floor in a person that is upright.
Sagittal plane
slice down the middle
- The sagittal plane divides the right and left side of the brain into parts.
Coronal plane
a coronal plane divides the brain into an anterior and posterior portion. It is created by slicing the brain parallel to the long axis of the body, and thus perpendicular to the floor in a person that is upright.
How do psychologists and radiologists differ in the way they look at the brain/read it?
Psychologists - normal left & right way
Radiologists - reverse left & right
Contralateral
opposite side
ex: if contralateral stroke, if lesion is on right then it affects left hand
Ipsilateral
same side
Unilateral
on one side only
Bilateral
on both sides
- severe stroke
Proximal
close to the body
Distal
further away from the body
Efferent signal
away from the CNS
Afferent signal
towards the CNS
What are the major subdivisions of the nervous system
- Central Nervous System (CNS) - brain and spinal cord
2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - nerves
Parasympathetic branch/division
INHIBITORY: rest & digest
- constricts pupil
- stimulates saliva production
- constricts bronchi
- slows heart
- stimulates stomach, pancreas, & intestines
- stimulates urination
- promotes erection of genitals
Sympathetic branch/division
STIMULATION: fight or flight
ex: see a tiger
- dilates pupil
- inhibits saliva production
- dilates bronchi
- accelerates heart
- stimulates epinephrine & norepinephrine release
- stimulates glucose release
- inhibits stomach, pancreas, & intestines
- inhibits urination
- promotes ejaculation & vaginal constractions
What are the meninges?
OUTER covering of the brain
- Duramater
- Arachnoid layer
- Piamater
Duramater
Latin for “tough mother”
Arachnoid layer
Greek for “like a spider’s web”
Piamater
Latin for “soft mother”
Meningitis
infection of the meninges increases pressure on the brain.
Encephalitis
infection of the brain itself
Ventricles kinds
- lateral ventricles
- 3rd ventricle
- 4th ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
connects 3rd & 4th ventricle
Brain is surrounded by ____
cerebrospinal fluid CSF
What are ventricles filled with?
CSF
Ventricles (filled with CSF) are continuous with…
the outer supply of CSF.
What does the CSF function as?
- CSF supports or ‘cushions’ the brain. (water bed for brain)
- Provides nutrients, removes waste, helps maintain the blood-brain barrier.
Contracuop injury
after it hits the front of your skull, it sloshes back & hits the back of your skull
- therefore, damage on front & back part of brain b/c of a violent collision
Where is the CSF produced & circulated?
CSF produced by the choroid plexus and circulated around the subarachnoid space before being reabsorbed by the arachnoid granulations.
or else head will explode or brain will be crushed, because skull doesn’t move
Hydrocephalus
excessive CSF
- can cause pressure in the brain
- ventricles are blown out
- end up having cell death & brain damage