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Brain & Behaviour > Lecture 11 - The Other Senses > Flashcards

Lecture 11 - The Other Senses Flashcards

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1
Q

Audition stimulus

A
  • sound waves
  • pitch
  • loudness
  • timbre
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2
Q

Sound waves

A

vibrations of an object cause air particles to vibrate (oscillations of compressed and rarefied air). (like ripples in water)

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3
Q

Pitch

A

frequency of vibration (Hz).

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4
Q

Loudness

A

intensity (more vigorous vibrations = more intense stimuli).

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5
Q

Timbre

A

complexity of sound (mixture of vibrations).

- could tell even though they are same notes they’re coming from 2 diff instruments

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6
Q

More waves per sec, the ____ the pitch

A

HIGHER

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7
Q

Anatomy of the ear

A
  • sound funneled through ear canal to ear drum (tympanic membrane).
  • middle ear – bones set to vibrate by ear drum.
  • malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup). - connect to cochlea
  • cochlea – energy transmission from middle ear to inner ear (from air to liquid).

sound waves –> mech energy –> energy in inner ear filled with liquid (physical waves of liq) going to cochlea

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8
Q

Auditory pathway dets

A
  • cochlear nerve (branch of vestibulo-cochlear).
  • 95% synapse with inner hair cells.
  • outer hair cells are EFFECTOR cells that alter effects of vibrations on inner cells.
    (depending on which hair cells in cochlea get stimuluated, we perceive diff sounds)
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9
Q

Auditory cortex – primary pathway

A

Auditory Nerve

  • -> Cochlear Nuclei
  • -> Superior Olivary Nucleus
  • -> Auditory Cortex
  • -> Medial Geniculate Nucleus
  • -> Inferior Colliculus
  • CONTRAlateral and IPSIlateral projections – information from the cochlear goes to both hemispheres.
  • TONOTOPIC organization. - depending on vibration freq, diff parts of basilar mem. will be stimulated & vibrate – hair cells will in turn be excited & send signals to brain
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10
Q

Perception of pitch

A

PLACE CODING – DIFFERENT PARTS of basilar membrane FLEX in respond to DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES – point of maximum vibration is tightly coupled to frequency.

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11
Q

Perception of loudness

A

loudness transmitted to CNS by rate of firing (louder sounds – higher firing rate).

loudness of low frequencies signaled by number of neurons firing (because rate changes pitch in these neurons).

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12
Q

Perception of timbre

A

same note on different instruments – timbre gives the different qualities.
- get richness of music b/c of timbre

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13
Q

Perception of spatial location

A

PHASE DIFFERENCE – the difference in arrival times of sound waves at each of the eardrums. Left/right judgments are more accurate (b/c we use a race to the sup. olivar nucleus 1st) than front/back (hits at same time).

LOCATION BY INTENSITY – intensities are absorbed by the head creating a “sonic shadow”.

timing & intensity help localize sound

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14
Q

Association cortex and pattern recognition

A

What vs Where. Brain activity in response to judgments of category (red) and location (blue) of sounds.

IFG = inferior frontal gyrus, IPL = inferior parietal lobule, MFG = middle frontal gyrus, SFG = superior frontal gyrus, SPL = superior parietal lobule.

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15
Q

Vestibular system

A

semicircular canals – angular acceleration (rotation of the head). (when you move, they move - can tell direction of which way you turned your head with your eyes close)

vestibular sacs – responds to gravity.

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16
Q

Vestibular functions include

A

balance

head position

eye / head compensation (vestibulo ocular reflex)

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17
Q

Vestibular system

Low frequency stimulation of the vestibular sacs can cause…

A

NAUSEA

stimulation of canals can cause dizziness.

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18
Q

Vestibular system

nystagmus

A

– rhythmic left/right eye movements.

caloric stimulation (cold water in the ear) causes nystagmus (twitching)

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19
Q

Vestibular anatomy

A

canals approximate head planes (sagittal, transverse and horizontal).

most axons synapse on vestibular nuclei in medulla.

some direct synapses with cerebellum.

cortical connections – dizziness.

lower brain stem connections – nausea & vomiting.

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20
Q

Over-representation in the Motor and Somatosensory strips

A

Regions requiring more fine motor control (or with greater density of tactile receptors) will have larger representations in the cortex

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21
Q

Cutaneous senses

A

touch (skin receptors).

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22
Q

Kinesthesia

A

body position and movements (joints, muscles, tendons).

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23
Q

Organic senses

A

receptors in and around internal organs (butterflies in the stomach).

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24
Q

The Stimuli

Touch

A

pressure – deformation of the skin (pressing down on arm)

vibration – surface texture (touching diff senses like sand paper)

pain – tissue damage

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25
Q

The Stimuli

Kinesthesia

A

stretch receptors in muscles (info re: muscle length)

stretch receptors in tendons (info re: force)

joint receptors provide info re magnitude and direction

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26
Q

Skin – a vital organ!

A

protection (wound is opening for pathogen)

thermoregulation (sweat or restriction of circulation)

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27
Q

Pressing on skin =

A

indentation (Ruffini)

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28
Q

Rubbing fingers on a surface & feeling vibrations =

A

vibration (Pacinian)

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29
Q

Glabrous skin

A

glabrous – hairless, more complex mixture of free nerve endings and axons

  • palms & bottom of feet
  • good at picking up MINUTE DETS b/c of all the nerve endings they have small receptive fields

2-point test

  • prongs vary on test
  • you can go v. close together on fingertips for ex & still determine that is 2 separate pricks
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30
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

sensitive to vibration.

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31
Q

Large diameter myelinated axons

A

fast-conducting, localization of touch.

32
Q

Small diameter unmyelinated axons

A

– temperature and pain.

33
Q

Temperature perception is relative:

A

dependent on prior experience.

walking in a room that’s cool after being in hot/cold weather

34
Q

_______ receptors closer to the surface of the skin; ____ receptors are deeper.

A

COOLNESS

WARMTH

35
Q

Moving stimuli

A

dynamic interaction with kinesthetic information and motor control systems to determine, texture, density and in some instances identity.

  • if you combine touch & movement you will get more info
  • touch & moving hand over it to touch
36
Q

Somatosensory pathways

A

Dorsal root ganglia

Spinothalamic tract (pain, temp)

Cross over at medulla

Connections in midbrain

Up to thalamas

Then to primary somatosensory cortex

37
Q

Tactile agnosia

A

an inability to recognize common objects by touch not due to a loss of sensitivity (discrimination still possible).

damage to angular gyrus.

apperceptive and associative distinctions apply.

38
Q

Tactile neglect / extinction

A

tactile neglect/extinction is normally co-morbid with visual neglect.

cross-modal attention.

39
Q

Allochiria

A

mislocalization of touch, usually from lateral to medial within one limb but can be across limbs.

40
Q

Autotopagnosia

A

inability to identify body parts that have been touched, finger agnosia most common.

41
Q

Pain

A

nociceptors – receptors of noxious stimuli

intense pressure (e.g., striking)

heat, acid – capsaicin (active ingredient in hot peppers) - way to have pain relief

42
Q

Sensory Pain

A

Sensory – intensity of a painful stimulus

- primary somatosensory pathway

43
Q

Emotional Pain

A

Emotional – evaluation of the sensory component – past experience
- anterior cingulate and insular cortex

44
Q

Long-term implications of Pain

A 
– threat to future comfort
prefrontal cortex (stimulus-response associations and long-term memory)
45
Q

Sensory component of pain =

A

somatosensory cortex

46
Q

Emotional component of pain =

A

anterior cingulate

47
Q

Hypnotism study

A

somatosensory cortex NOT affected not affected by hypnotism.
- sensory comp. of pain wasn’t infected

anterior cingulate shows LESS activation during hypnosis.
- emotional comp. of pain was controlled a bit

48
Q

Stimulus for olfaction:

A

volatile substances that rapidly vaporizes

49
Q

Olfactory mucosa

A

mucous membrane at top of nasal cavity

less than 10% of air reaches mucosa

50
Q

Bipolar receptor cells

A

cilia in mucosa send signals to olfactory bulb

51
Q

Olfactory cortex

A

nasal mucosa – olfactory bulb – two pathways

pathway 1 – limbic system (amygdala, pyriform & entorhinal cortex)

pathway 2 – dorsal medial thalamus – orbitofrontal cortex (primary olfactory cortex – and much more)

bundles of axons enter through holes in skull - cibriform plate

52
Q

Bundles of axons enter through holes in skull

A

cibriform plate

53
Q

Olfactory cortex consists

A
  • olfactory bulb
  • olfactory tract
  • orbitofrontal cortex
54
Q

Olfactory receptors

A

between 500 and 1,000 different receptor types tuned to different odours

but we can recognize and distinguish between many more odours than there are receptor types

specific ODORANTS are capable of binding to more than one receptor type

different PATTERNS of binding for different odours

55
Q

______ and _____ are the only senses NOT ‘crossed’ – ________ organization

A

OLFACTION

GUSTATION

IPSILATERAL

56
Q

Damage to ______ cortex (e.g., from acceleration/deceleration injuries) can lead to ____

A

ORBITOFRONTAL

ANOSMIA

57
Q

Anosmia is an olfactory impairment

A

loss of smell

difficulty distinguishing smells

58
Q

In order for something to be tasteable it has to be…

A

SOLUBLE (have to be able to stick it in mouth & saliva has to start breaking it down)

59
Q

5 qualities of taste

A

bitterness

sourness – as with bitterness causes an avoidance response

sweetness – usually sweet foods are safe

saltiness – system sometimes needs sodium chloride

umami

60
Q

Flavour

A

a combination of olfaction and taste

61
Q

Umami – the fifth sense

A

umami – Japanese word that can be translated to “beautiful taste”

the wonders of MSG! Glutamate receptors

present naturally in meats, cheeses & some vegetables

62
Q

What about fats? The 6th taste?

A

coating of fat when eating rich ice cream - influences flavour but not taste

odour and texture - mouth feel

63
Q

Gustatory anatomy

A

tongue, palate, pharynx, larynx

- around 10,000 taste buds

64
Q

Papillae

A

bumps on the tongue (taste buds)

65
Q

Fungiform

A

anterior 3rd of the tongue

66
Q

Foliate

A

folds on the sides and back of the tongue

67
Q

Circumvallate papillae

A

inverted V on posterior 3rd of the tongue

68
Q

Receptor cells on tongue have a life span of ____ days

A

10-14

b/c if we burn tongue with hot food & other food can be dangerous too

69
Q

Gustatory pathways

A

cranial nerves VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal) and X (vagus)

anterior buds – chorda tympani branch of VII
posterior buds – lingual branch of IX
palate – Xth cranial nerve

Primary gustatory pathway: solitary tract of medulla –> ventromedial neucleus of the thalamus (relay station that also receives information from trigeminal nerve – mastication) –> ventral frontal cortex and insular cortex

70
Q

Activation in the Primary Gustatory Cortex

A

response regions vary between subjects but were stable for each subject.

71
Q

Gustation, olfaction and conditioned learning

A

secondary gustatory pathways go to the amygdala and hypothalamus

convergence of taste and smell in orbitofrontal cortex

connection with amygdala and memory systems reinforces positive / negative episodes and their associations with particular smells and tastes

72
Q

Taste Adversion

A

is a conditioned response in which a person/animal establishes an association b/t a particular food & being/feeling ill after having it in the past

the association is usually as a result of a SINGLE (UNPLEASANT) experience & the particular food will be avoided in the future

73
Q

Sound can best be thought of as
A) compression of air molecules by an object.
B) changes in air pressure produced by the vibration of an object.
C) waves of acoustic energy that travel at fewer than 20 miles per hour.
D) packets of energy.
E) Expansion of air molecules produced by a traveling object.

A

B) changes in air pressure produced by the vibration of an object.

74
Q 
The primary function of the Pacinian corpuscle is to detect
A) damage to the skin.
B) cold.
C) heat.
D) texture.
E) rapid vibration.
A

E) rapid vibration.

75
Q 
Olfactory receptors are located in the
A) turbinate bones.
B) cribiform plate.
C) olfactory epithelium.
D) Chorda tympani.
E) Olfactory operculum.
A

C) olfactory epithelium.

76
Q

Which of the following is true of taste/flavour?
A) Flavour is a mixture of olfaction and gustation.
B) Taste is a mixture of olfaction and gustation.
C) Flavour is determined by air temperature.
D) Flavour is solely determined by the smell of food.
E) Everyone thinks Brussels sprouts taste bad.

A

A) Flavour is a mixture of olfaction and gustation.

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