Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Brain & Behaviour > Lecture 11 - The Other Senses > Flashcards

Lecture 11 - The Other Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Audition stimulus

A
  • sound waves
  • pitch
  • loudness
  • timbre
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Sound waves

A

vibrations of an object cause air particles to vibrate (oscillations of compressed and rarefied air). (like ripples in water)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Pitch

A

frequency of vibration (Hz).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Loudness

A

intensity (more vigorous vibrations = more intense stimuli).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Timbre

A

complexity of sound (mixture of vibrations).

- could tell even though they are same notes they’re coming from 2 diff instruments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

More waves per sec, the ____ the pitch

A

HIGHER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Anatomy of the ear

A
  • sound funneled through ear canal to ear drum (tympanic membrane).
  • middle ear – bones set to vibrate by ear drum.
  • malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup). - connect to cochlea
  • cochlea – energy transmission from middle ear to inner ear (from air to liquid).

sound waves –> mech energy –> energy in inner ear filled with liquid (physical waves of liq) going to cochlea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Auditory pathway dets

A
  • cochlear nerve (branch of vestibulo-cochlear).
  • 95% synapse with inner hair cells.
  • outer hair cells are EFFECTOR cells that alter effects of vibrations on inner cells.
    (depending on which hair cells in cochlea get stimuluated, we perceive diff sounds)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Auditory cortex – primary pathway

A

Auditory Nerve

  • -> Cochlear Nuclei
  • -> Superior Olivary Nucleus
  • -> Auditory Cortex
  • -> Medial Geniculate Nucleus
  • -> Inferior Colliculus
  • CONTRAlateral and IPSIlateral projections – information from the cochlear goes to both hemispheres.
  • TONOTOPIC organization. - depending on vibration freq, diff parts of basilar mem. will be stimulated & vibrate – hair cells will in turn be excited & send signals to brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Perception of pitch

A

PLACE CODING – DIFFERENT PARTS of basilar membrane FLEX in respond to DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES – point of maximum vibration is tightly coupled to frequency.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Perception of loudness

A

loudness transmitted to CNS by rate of firing (louder sounds – higher firing rate).

loudness of low frequencies signaled by number of neurons firing (because rate changes pitch in these neurons).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Perception of timbre

A

same note on different instruments – timbre gives the different qualities.
- get richness of music b/c of timbre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Perception of spatial location

A

PHASE DIFFERENCE – the difference in arrival times of sound waves at each of the eardrums. Left/right judgments are more accurate (b/c we use a race to the sup. olivar nucleus 1st) than front/back (hits at same time).

LOCATION BY INTENSITY – intensities are absorbed by the head creating a “sonic shadow”.

timing & intensity help localize sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Association cortex and pattern recognition

A

What vs Where. Brain activity in response to judgments of category (red) and location (blue) of sounds.

IFG = inferior frontal gyrus, IPL = inferior parietal lobule, MFG = middle frontal gyrus, SFG = superior frontal gyrus, SPL = superior parietal lobule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Vestibular system

A

semicircular canals – angular acceleration (rotation of the head). (when you move, they move - can tell direction of which way you turned your head with your eyes close)

vestibular sacs – responds to gravity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Vestibular functions include

A

balance

head position

eye / head compensation (vestibulo ocular reflex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Vestibular system

Low frequency stimulation of the vestibular sacs can cause…

A

NAUSEA

stimulation of canals can cause dizziness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Vestibular system

nystagmus

A

– rhythmic left/right eye movements.

caloric stimulation (cold water in the ear) causes nystagmus (twitching)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Vestibular anatomy

A

canals approximate head planes (sagittal, transverse and horizontal).

most axons synapse on vestibular nuclei in medulla.

some direct synapses with cerebellum.

cortical connections – dizziness.

lower brain stem connections – nausea & vomiting.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Over-representation in the Motor and Somatosensory strips

A

Regions requiring more fine motor control (or with greater density of tactile receptors) will have larger representations in the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cutaneous senses

A

touch (skin receptors).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Kinesthesia

A

body position and movements (joints, muscles, tendons).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Organic senses

A

receptors in and around internal organs (butterflies in the stomach).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The Stimuli

Touch

A

pressure – deformation of the skin (pressing down on arm)

vibration – surface texture (touching diff senses like sand paper)

pain – tissue damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
The Stimuli Kinesthesia
stretch receptors in muscles (info re: muscle length) stretch receptors in tendons (info re: force) joint receptors provide info re magnitude and direction
26
Skin – a vital organ!
protection (wound is opening for pathogen) thermoregulation (sweat or restriction of circulation)
27
Pressing on skin =
indentation (Ruffini)
28
Rubbing fingers on a surface & feeling vibrations =
vibration (Pacinian)
29
Glabrous skin
glabrous – hairless, more complex mixture of free nerve endings and axons - palms & bottom of feet - good at picking up MINUTE DETS b/c of all the nerve endings they have small receptive fields 2-point test - prongs vary on test - you can go v. close together on fingertips for ex & still determine that is 2 separate pricks
30
Pacinian corpuscle
sensitive to vibration.
31
Large diameter myelinated axons
fast-conducting, localization of touch.
32
Small diameter unmyelinated axons
– temperature and pain.
33
Temperature perception is relative:
dependent on prior experience. | walking in a room that's cool after being in hot/cold weather
34
_______ receptors closer to the surface of the skin; ____ receptors are deeper.
COOLNESS WARMTH
35
Moving stimuli
dynamic interaction with kinesthetic information and motor control systems to determine, texture, density and in some instances identity. - if you combine touch & movement you will get more info - touch & moving hand over it to touch
36
Somatosensory pathways
Dorsal root ganglia Spinothalamic tract (pain, temp) Cross over at medulla Connections in midbrain Up to thalamas Then to primary somatosensory cortex
37
Tactile agnosia
an inability to recognize common objects by touch not due to a loss of sensitivity (discrimination still possible). damage to angular gyrus. apperceptive and associative distinctions apply.
38
Tactile neglect / extinction
tactile neglect/extinction is normally co-morbid with visual neglect. cross-modal attention.
39
Allochiria
mislocalization of touch, usually from lateral to medial within one limb but can be across limbs.
40
Autotopagnosia
inability to identify body parts that have been touched, finger agnosia most common.
41
Pain
nociceptors – receptors of noxious stimuli intense pressure (e.g., striking) heat, acid – capsaicin (active ingredient in hot peppers) - way to have pain relief
42
Sensory Pain
Sensory – intensity of a painful stimulus | - primary somatosensory pathway
43
Emotional Pain
Emotional – evaluation of the sensory component – past experience - anterior cingulate and insular cortex
44
Long-term implications of Pain
``` – threat to future comfort prefrontal cortex (stimulus-response associations and long-term memory) ```
45
Sensory component of pain =
somatosensory cortex
46
Emotional component of pain =
anterior cingulate
47
Hypnotism study
somatosensory cortex NOT affected not affected by hypnotism. - sensory comp. of pain wasn't infected anterior cingulate shows LESS activation during hypnosis. - emotional comp. of pain was controlled a bit
48
Stimulus for olfaction:
volatile substances that rapidly vaporizes
49
Olfactory mucosa
mucous membrane at top of nasal cavity less than 10% of air reaches mucosa
50
Bipolar receptor cells
cilia in mucosa send signals to olfactory bulb
51
Olfactory cortex
nasal mucosa – olfactory bulb – two pathways pathway 1 – limbic system (amygdala, pyriform & entorhinal cortex) pathway 2 – dorsal medial thalamus – orbitofrontal cortex (primary olfactory cortex – and much more) bundles of axons enter through holes in skull - cibriform plate
52
Bundles of axons enter through holes in skull
cibriform plate
53
Olfactory cortex consists
- olfactory bulb - olfactory tract - orbitofrontal cortex
54
Olfactory receptors
between 500 and 1,000 different receptor types tuned to different odours but we can recognize and distinguish between many more odours than there are receptor types specific ODORANTS are capable of binding to more than one receptor type different PATTERNS of binding for different odours
55
______ and _____ are the only senses NOT ‘crossed’ – ________ organization
OLFACTION GUSTATION IPSILATERAL
56
Damage to ______ cortex (e.g., from acceleration/deceleration injuries) can lead to ____
ORBITOFRONTAL ANOSMIA
57
Anosmia is an olfactory impairment
loss of smell difficulty distinguishing smells
58
In order for something to be tasteable it has to be...
SOLUBLE (have to be able to stick it in mouth & saliva has to start breaking it down)
59
5 qualities of taste
bitterness sourness – as with bitterness causes an avoidance response sweetness – usually sweet foods are safe saltiness – system sometimes needs sodium chloride umami
60
Flavour
a combination of olfaction and taste
61
Umami – the fifth sense
umami – Japanese word that can be translated to “beautiful taste” the wonders of MSG! Glutamate receptors present naturally in meats, cheeses & some vegetables
62
What about fats? The 6th taste?
coating of fat when eating rich ice cream - influences flavour but not taste odour and texture - mouth feel
63
Gustatory anatomy
tongue, palate, pharynx, larynx | - around 10,000 taste buds
64
Papillae
bumps on the tongue (taste buds)
65
Fungiform
anterior 3rd of the tongue
66
Foliate
folds on the sides and back of the tongue
67
Circumvallate papillae
inverted V on posterior 3rd of the tongue
68
Receptor cells on tongue have a life span of ____ days
10-14 b/c if we burn tongue with hot food & other food can be dangerous too
69
Gustatory pathways
cranial nerves VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal) and X (vagus) anterior buds – chorda tympani branch of VII posterior buds – lingual branch of IX palate – Xth cranial nerve Primary gustatory pathway: solitary tract of medulla --> ventromedial neucleus of the thalamus (relay station that also receives information from trigeminal nerve – mastication) --> ventral frontal cortex and insular cortex
70
Activation in the Primary Gustatory Cortex
response regions vary between subjects but were stable for each subject.
71
Gustation, olfaction and conditioned learning
secondary gustatory pathways go to the amygdala and hypothalamus convergence of taste and smell in orbitofrontal cortex connection with amygdala and memory systems reinforces positive / negative episodes and their associations with particular smells and tastes
72
Taste Adversion
is a conditioned response in which a person/animal establishes an association b/t a particular food & being/feeling ill after having it in the past the association is usually as a result of a SINGLE (UNPLEASANT) experience & the particular food will be avoided in the future
73
Sound can best be thought of as A) compression of air molecules by an object. B) changes in air pressure produced by the vibration of an object. C) waves of acoustic energy that travel at fewer than 20 miles per hour. D) packets of energy. E) Expansion of air molecules produced by a traveling object.
B) changes in air pressure produced by the vibration of an object.
74
``` The primary function of the Pacinian corpuscle is to detect A) damage to the skin. B) cold. C) heat. D) texture. E) rapid vibration. ```
E) rapid vibration.
75
``` Olfactory receptors are located in the A) turbinate bones. B) cribiform plate. C) olfactory epithelium. D) Chorda tympani. E) Olfactory operculum. ```
C) olfactory epithelium.
76
Which of the following is true of taste/flavour? A) Flavour is a mixture of olfaction and gustation. B) Taste is a mixture of olfaction and gustation. C) Flavour is determined by air temperature. D) Flavour is solely determined by the smell of food. E) Everyone thinks Brussels sprouts taste bad.
A) Flavour is a mixture of olfaction and gustation.

Brain & Behaviour (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions