Lecture 5: Chapter 6: Motivation, Rewards and Punishments and Organizational Justice Flashcards
What is the meaning of money in the workplace?
Money can compensate, satsify our needs, emotions and self-concept.
It’s a symbol of status and motivation and can also carry negative emotions
What 4 categories of financial rewards are there?
- Based on membership/seniority: who stay longer at a company
- Based on work status: positions are evaluated according to abilities of that position
- Based on competence: abilities of someone are basis for compensation
- Based on performance: individuals get bonus if they do better
What are advantages and disadvantages of financial rewards based on membership?
+: attracts applicants, low turnover
-: don’t motivate higher work performance
What are advantages and disadvantages of financial rewards based on work status?
+: honest, motivating
-: hierarchy, competition
What are advantages and disadvantages of financial rewards based on competence?
+: motivation to learn, be more flexible, better quality
-: subjective measure, expensive (people need to learn new abilities)
What are advantages and disadvantages of financial rewards based on performance?
+: motivates task performance, attracts applicants, ownership culture
-: weaken intrinsic motivation, discourage creativity, address symptoms not behavior
What is a gainsharing plan?
Bonuses are calculated according to the improvements in production and cost-saving of a team
What is job evaluation?
Systematically rating the worth of jobs within an organization by measuring the required skill, effort, responsibility and working conditions
What are 3 types of performance-based rewards?
Individual rewards (commissions)
Team rewards (gainsharing plan)
Organizational rewards
What are the 4 most common organizational rewards?
- Companywide performance bonus: for everyone achieving a goal
- Employee stock ownership plan (ESOP): encourage employees to buy stock and market appreciation of the stock
- Stock options: give employees the right to purchase company stock at a predetermined price
- Profit-sharing plan: pays bonuses to employees on the basis of previous year’s level of corporate profits
Which organizational level rewards create an ownership culture?
Stock options and Employee Stock Ownership plan (ESOP)
What are the 5 strategies that help to increase reward-effectivity?
- Connect reward to performance of employee
- Make sure reward is relevant
- Use team rewards for interdependent performances
- Make sure reward is appreciated
- Make sure there are no consequences of your reward that you didn’t take into consideration before
Why is it important to use team rewards for interdependent jobs?
Because you can’t measure individual performance in team efforts
What are 6 possible unintended consequences of giving rewards?
- Can motivate employees to game the system
- Can motivate people to manipulate info that affects reward
- Can motivate people to select work that achieves reward more easily
- Tend to focus employees on measured outcomes
- Rewards shift employees from relational to transactional employment relationship (less willing to engage in unrewarding activities)
- Reduce costs in expected ways (more motivation), but are offset by higher hidden costs (more stress)
What is job design?
Process of assigning certain tasks to a job, including the interdependence with tasks belonging to other jobs.
A good job makes it possible to perform effectively and make employees feel concerned with the job/organization
What is job specialization? What is the effect?
Result of division of labor in which work is subdivided into separate jobs assigned to different people
Effect: working more efficiently
How does job specialization improve work efficiency? Name 4 ways
- Fewer skills/knowledge necessary
- More frequent practice
- Less attention residue from changing tasks
- Better person-job matching
What is scientific management?
Practice of systematically partitioning work into its smallest elements and standardizing tasks to achieve maximum efficiency
What are disadvantages of job specialization?
- Influence attitudes/emotions of employees –> quitting, absence
- Less attention for total task, everyone’s focused on one element
What is the job characteristics model?
Job design model that relates motivational properties of jobs to specific personal and organizational consequences of those properties
5 core job characteristics produce three psychological states
What are the 5 core job characteristics?
- Skill variety
- Task identity (responsibility of task)
- Task significance/importance
- Autonomy (freedom, independence)
- Job feedback (know how good you did based on nonsocial sources)
What are the 3 psychological states in the job characteristics model? Which core job characteristics fit with each?
- Felt meaningfulness of the work
–> skill variety, task identity, task significance - Felt responsibility for outcomes
–> Autonomy - Knowledge of work results
–> Job feedback
According to the job characteristics model, what leads to more intrinsic motivation?
High skill variety, high task identity and high task significance lead to a greater fealing of meaningfulness of work, which leads to larger intrinsic motivation
According to the job characteristics model, what leads to better work performance?
More autonomy –> feeling of responsibility –> better quality and efficiency of work performance
According to the job characteristics model, what leads to more satisfaction with work itself?
Job feedback –> knowledge of work results –> satisfaction with work itself
What are disadvantages of the job characteristics model?
Social characteristics (interaction with others) and predictability (variety) aren’t considered
What is skill variety?
The extent to which employees must use different skills and talents to perform tasks within their jobs
What is the difference between task identity and task significance?
identity: job finishes a whole piece of work and identifies with outcome
significance: job has an impact on organization/society
What are 2 social job characteristic that can be added to the job characteristics model?
- Social interaction requirements
- Social feedback
What are 2 information processing demands that have to be added to the job characteristic model?
- Task variability: how predictable job duties are from one day to the next
- Task analyzability: how much the job can be performed using known procedures and rules
What does it mean when a task has high analyzability? And low analyzability?
Job duties allow application of procedures an rules to guide decisions. No employee creativity and judgment are necessary
–> It has low information processing demand
Low analyzability: demands creativity and judgment from employees
–> High info processing demand
Name 3 strategies that help to increase motivation of a job and what are their effects
- Job rotation: place employees from one job to another –> decrease boredom, increase flexibility and variety
- Job extension/enlargement: adding more tasks to existing job –> increase efficiency and flexibility
- Job enrichment: give more responsibility to employees that plan their work for themselves –> more satisfaction and motivation
What is psychological empowerment?
Perceptual/emotional state in which people experience more self-detemination, meaning, competence and impact regarding their role in the organization
What are the 4 aspects of psychological empowerment? What is the main effect?
- Self-detemination: freedom, independence
- Meaning
- Competence
- Impact
Improve motivation and performance
What are 5 structural environment practices aimed at enhancing psychological empowerment?
- Job has high autonomy, minimal bureaucracy
- Job has tasks with assigned identity/significance
- Job allows feedback from peers
- Resources have to be easily accessible
- Individual personal characteristics/competencies
What is self-leadership?
Specific cognitive and behavioral strategies to achieve personal goals and standards through self-direction and self-motivation
What are the 5 processes an individual must perform in order to have self leadership?
Sequentially:
1. Personal goal setting
2. Constructive thought strategies
3. Designing natural rewards
4. Self-monitoring
5. Self-reinforcement
What do we mean with personal goal setting?
Setting self-determined goals that require a high level of self-awareness
What do we mean with constructive thought strategies? Which 2 should people engage in?
Before starting a task individuals should:
1. Positive self-talk: increase motivation, reduce anxiety
2. Mental imagery: visualizing task, successfully performing it
What do we mean with designing natural rewards? Give 3 aspects
Employees can cultivate natural rewards by
- Engaging more in tasks they like
- Dumping tasks they don’t like
- Changing how tasks are accomplished by making them more interesting
What do we mean with self-monitoring?
Process of keeping track of one’s progress over regular intervals of time by using feedback from others
What do we mean with self-reinforcement?
Employee has control over a reinforcer, but avoids it until completing a self-set goal
Which of the big 5 personality traits fit with self-leadership?
High conscientiousness, high extraversion
Having a positive self-concept
