Lecture 2: Chapter 2: Personality and Values Flashcards
Which factors of the MARS model does personality mainly influence?
Mainly motivation, but also ability and role perceptions
What is personality?
The relatively stable set of thoughts, emotions and behaviors that characterize a person together with the psychological aspect behind those characteristics
What changes does the self-concept of a person have over age?
Self-concept increases with age, which leads to a stable personality from age 30
Which 5 factors are in the five-factor model of personality? What traits go with it?
Openness to experience: creative, curious, autonomous
Conscientiousness: organized, reliable, disciplined, enthusiastic
Extraversion: talkative, social assertive
Agreeableness: helpful, well willing, tolerant, flexible
Neuroticism: scared, insecure, discouraged
Which of the big five is the best predictor of proficient task performance?
High conscientiousness
What causes personality? Why does it become more stable in adulthood?
A combination between nature and nurture (genes vs. environment)
More stable, because we form a clearer and more rigid self-concept
With what job trait is high openness to experience associated?
Predictor of adaptive and proactive performance
What is the best predictor of adaptive performance?
Emotional stability, low neuroticism
What are 5 important issues when applying the 5 factor model?
- Higher scores isn’t better for every job
- Specific traits are better predictors than the Big Five (organization in stead of conscientiousness)
- Personality isn’t static
- Five-factor model doesn’t cover all personalities
- Self-report bias
What are good predictors of organizational citizenship?
High conscientiousness and agreeableness
What are good predictors of counterproductive work behaviors?
Low conscientiousness and agreeableness
What is the dark triad?
3 undesirable personality traits
- Machiavellianism: achieve goal at expense of others
- Narcissism: obsessive beliefs about own superiority
- Psychopathy: dominate and manipulate others with no feelings of empathy
What is a core characteristic of the dark triad? What impact does it have in the workplace?
Dishonesty: lie and deceive others at work and undermine others to maximize gains
What is organizational politics?
Using influence tactics for personal gain at the perceived expense of others and the organization
Are the counterproductive work behaviors better predicted with the Big Five or the Dark Triad?
Better with the big five. The dark triad predicts them to some extent
What is the Myers-Briggs Type indicator (MBTI)?
Measures personality by assessing how people perceive and judge information
What 2 orientations are there when individuals perceive information according to MBTI?
S: Sensing or preference to perceive info directly
N: Intuition or preference for subjective experience and gaining insights
Which two processes are possible when individuals make decisions according to MBTI?
T: Thinking: preference rational cause-effect logic
F: Feeling: preference emotional reasoning
Which 2 types of orienting to external world are there according to MBTI?
J: judging: organized, schedule oriented
P: perceiving: adaptable, spontaneous
Which two dimensions exist for getting energy in MBTI?
E: extraversion
I: introversion
Which 4 dimensions are there in the MBTI model?
E - I (extra/introversion)
–> getting energy
S - N (sensing/intuition)
–> perceiving info
T - F (thinking/feeling)
–> making decisions
J - P (judging/perceiving)
–> Orientation external world
How is the Jungian theory/MBTI in the workplace?
Poor predictor of job performance and it has questionable value in predicting leadership effectiveness and predicting how well a team develops
What are 5 concerns linked to the MBTI test?
- Oppossing pairs aren’t opposites
- Makes assumptions contrary to research evidence, such as: type is caused by nature (no nurture)
- Dichotomize people to distinct groups –> binary categorization
- Poor predictive power
- Commercial bias
What are 2 positive aspects of the MBTI compared to the Big Five?
- Modeled around perceiving and deciding, which makes it easy to use for AI. Big Five mentions these less explicitly
- Recognizes strengths and limitations of each type in different situations. 5 factor: low scores are bad
What does high level psychopathy predict in the workplace?
Aggression, bullying, excessive risk taking in decision making
What are the effects of dark triad personalities on team behavior?
They’re helpful in short-term but destructive long-term
What are values?
Stable convictions that lead our preferences for certain outcomes and actions in different situations
They determine what’s right and wrong and are often hierarchically structured
Which 3 types of values are there?
- Personal: exist only in individual
- Shared: within groups
- Cultural: exist across society
What are the 3 main differences between personality and values?
Values are:
- evaluative (not descriptive)
- can conflict with each other
- affected more by nurture
What is the most well-known model for values and how does it work?
Schwartz model
57 values are divided in 10 categories that are clustered in 4 quadrants
What are the 4 quadrants of Schwartz’s model?
- Openness to change: pursue innovative ways
- Conservation: preserve status quo
- Self-enhancement: self-interest
- Self-transcendence: promote welfare of others/nature
What are the 10 categories in Schwartz’s model?
- Power: authority
- Achievement: successful
- Hedonism: pleasure, enjoying
- Stimulation: daring, challenge
- Self-direction: creative, free
- Universalism: equal, peace unity
- Benevolence: helpful, loyal
- Tradition: humble, tradition
- Conformity: polite, obedience
- Security: order, safety, stability
Study the Schwartz’s Values Circumplex!!!
Summary p. 62
Which quadrants are opposed to one another?
Openness to change (progression) vs. conservation: the degree an individual seeks innovation or preservation
Self-enhancement vs. self-transcendence: degree and individual is motivated by satisfying self-interests or others interests
In what 3 ways do personal values influence decisions and behavior?
- Influence attractiveness of choice
- Frame perception of reality
- Regulate consistency of behavior/ self-concept/ public image
What are 4 reasons that personal values sometimes fail to influence decisions and behavior?
- Situation interferes with values-consistent behavior
- Countermotivational forces
- We don’t actively think about our values much of the time
- Awareness/salience: relevance of values isn’t always obvious
What are ethics?
Moral principles or societal norms that determine whether something is right or wrong
What is values congruence?
How similar a person’s values hierarchy is to the values hierarchy of another entity such as his/her organization
What does it imply when personal values are congruent with the organization’s values?
- Higher job satisfaction
- Loyalty
- Organizational citizenship
- Lower stress
- Decisions compatible with organizational expectations
How do organizations benefit from incongruence of values?
- Diverse perspective –> better decision making
- Too much congruence can undermine creativity, flexibility and business ethics (corporate cult)
What is espouse-enacted value congruence?
Values we say we hold (espoused) and the values we act upon (enacted) should be the same
What is organization-society value congruence?
Values that an organization holds and the values of the society should be in tune
What are the 4 types of ethical principles?
- Utilitarianism
- Individual rights
- Distributive justice
- Ethic of care
What is utilitarianism?
The only moral obligation is to seek the greatest good for the greatest number of people. This involves a cost-benefit analysis
What is meant with the ethical principle of individual rights?
Every person has the same set of rights which guide a person’s actions
What is the ethical principle of distributive justice?
Appropriate decision criteria should be applied to calculate how benefits and burdens are distributed. Equal people should have equal advantages and challenges
What is the ethical principle of ethic of care? To which aspect of an organization is this important?
Everyone has a moral obligation towards helping others they are close with to grow and self-actualize, because caring for others is a fundamental characteristic of humanity
Important for how organizations should work with stakeholders
What are 3 factors that influence ethical behavior in the workplace?
- Moral intensity
- Moral sensitivity
- Situational factors
What is moral intensity? Give 4 reasons why this can increase
The degree to which an issue demands the application of ethical principles
Increase:
1. Decision has good or bad consequences
2. High agreement that outcomes are good or bad
3. High probability good or bad outcomes will occur
4. Many people will be affected by the decision
What is moral sensitivity? What is the difference in gender?
Person’s ability to recognize the presence of an ethical issue and determine its relative importance
Women have higher moral sensitivity than men
How is ethical conduct influenced by situational factors?
The degree of ethical behavior depends on the situation.
E.g. experiencing pressure from management to lie to customers or breach regulations
How do organizations promote ethical behaviors? State 4 things
- Ethical codes with roles and norms
- Somewhere to complain about unethical behavior (ombudsman)
- Educate and test employees
- Ethical culture and leadership
What is individualism?
The degree to which independence and personal uniqueness is appreciated and valued (USA)
What is collectivism?
The degree to which duties that a person has within the own social group and harmony with a group are valued (Japan)
What is power-distance?
The degree to which people accept an unequal distribution of power (high distance = india, low distance = denmark)
What is uncertainty avoidance?
The degree to which people tolerate ambiguity and feel threatened by insecurity
High: culture prefers predictable situations (Belgium)
Low: culture can tolerate unpredictable situations (Denmark)
What is achievement-nurturing orientation?
The degree to which relations with others are seen as competitive vs. cooperative
High: Austria
Low: The Netherlands
What are the 5 values that vary the most accross different cultures?
- Individualism
- Collectivism
- Power-distance
- Uncertainty avoidance
- Achievement-nurturing orientation
What is the difference in defining oneself in individualist vs. collectivist cultures?
I: uniqueness, personal goals, relationships are fluid and instrumental
C: in-group membership, self-sacrifice/ group goals, harmony, in-group norms, in-groups have strong differentiation with out-groups
How do people view themselves if there is high power-distance?
Reluctant to disagree with or contradict the boss. Managers are preferred decision makers and perception of dependence on the boss
How do laws reflect uncertainty avoidance in a country?
If a country has strict laws and low conflict, they are high on uncertainty avoidance. They dislike deviations from normal behavior
How do people with high achievement orientation behave?
Focus on outcomes, decisions based on contributions, low empathy or showing emotions
