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PF&F > Lecture 5 Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Cellular Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

3 Major Steps of Respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Calvin Cycle
  3. Electron Transport Chain
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2
Q

Aside from glycolysis, Respiration occurs in the _____

A

Mitochondria

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3
Q

A coenzyme that drives cellular processes

A

NADH & NAD+
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

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4
Q

NADH is ___ while NAD+ is ___ (Reduced/Oxidized)

A

NADH: Reduced
NAD+: Oxidized

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5
Q

Metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate and protons

A

Glycolysis

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6
Q

Accrual Formula of Glycolysis

A

Glucose - Glycolysis - 2 Pyruvate + 4 Hydrogen Atoms

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7
Q

2 stages/ phases of glycolysis are known as

A
  1. Preparatory (Preparing for ATP Produced)
  2. Payoff Phase
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8
Q

Which glycolysis stage/phase starts with E investment of 2 ATP (glucose)
& ends with splitting of 6-Carbon sugar into 2-Carbon molecules Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate?

A

Preparatory stage

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9
Q

Which molecule signifies to the end of preparatory phase in glycolysis?

A

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

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10
Q

Which glycolysis stage/ phase produces E yield of 4 ATP & 2 NADH, and results in 2 ATP & 2 Pyruvate?

A

Payoff phase

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11
Q

What is the glycolysis E net result of Prep & Payoff phase?

A

E net = 2 ATP & 2 NADH

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12
Q

Pyruvate is converted into ___

A

acetyl CoA

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13
Q

Glycolysis creates pyruvate in ___

A

Cytosol

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14
Q

2 Pyruvate enters the ___

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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15
Q

Glycolysis equation summarized

A

Glucose + 2NAD+ +2ADP + 2Pi →
2 Pyruvate + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2ATP + 2H2O

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16
Q

Which coenzyme is required to oxidize and decarboxylate both pyruvates?

A

Coenzyme A

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17
Q

What is a result of Acetyl CoA derived from glucose?

A

Carbon - useful in citric acid cycle

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18
Q

Original 2 pyruvate changed into 2 ___ groups

A

Acetyl

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19
Q

2 NADH is ___ from NAD+ (reduced/oxidized?)

A

Reduced

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20
Q

Which 8 enzymes are involved in Citric Acid Cycle?

A
  1. Citrate synthase
  2. Aconitase
  3. Isocitrate dehydrogenase
  4. a-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
  5. Succinyl CoA synthetase
  6. Succinate dehydrogenase
  7. Fumarase
  8. Malate dehydrogenase
21
Q

There are a total # steps in the Citric Acid Cycle

A

8 Steps

22
Q

Step 1 of Citric Acid Cycle + Enzyme involved

A

Acetyl CoA + 4-C compound (oxaloacetate) + H2O = 6-C compound Citrate

Enzyme: Citrate synthase (Putting things together)

23
Q

Step 2 of Citric Acid Cycle + Enzyme involved

A

Addition of aconitase reconfigures citrate molecule

Enzyme: Aconitase

24
Q

Step 3 of Citric Acid Cycle + Enzyme involved

A

Conversion of isocitrate to a-Ketoglutarate
CO2 molecule liberate, NAD+ reduced to NADH

Enzyme: isocitrate dehydrogenase

25
Q

Step 4 of Citric Acid Cycle + Enzyme involved

A

a-ketoglutarate further reduced into succinyl CoA which releases CO2 & NADH

Enzyme: a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

26
Q

Step 5 of Citric Acid Cycle + Enzyme involved

A

Creates ATP
Water release ATP & lyses CoA to form succinate
Maine closed circle occurs here (2 total)

Enzyme: Succinyl CoA synthetase

27
Q

Step 6 of Citric Acid Cycle + Enzyme involved

A

Creation of FADH from FAD in reduction from succinate to fumarate
Gets kicked over to electron transport chain

Enzyme: Succinate dehydrogenase

28
Q

Step 7 of Citric Acid Cycle + Enzyme involved

A

Requires water to alter fumarate into malate

Enzyme: Fumarase

29
Q

Step 8 of Citric Acid Cycle + Enzyme involved

A

Malate changed to oxaloacetate with addition of malate dehydrogenase
NADH released
2nd closed circle
*Oxaloacetate regeneration

Enzyme: Malate dehydrogenase

30
Q

What is Oxaloacetate regeneration?

A

The process in a cycle where the addition of water to molecule will begin whole thing all over again

31
Q

Purpose of Electron Transport Chain (3 total)

A

-Build surplus of H+ in intermembrane space
-Creates concentration gradient
-Gradient used to power ATP production

32
Q

Each transfer in the ETC ____ Energy

A

Each transfer LOSES E

33
Q

What holds the e- carriers & enzymes required to catalyze the transfer from one carrier to the next?

A

An Embedded Complex

34
Q

In the ETC, the e- move ____

A

Laterally

35
Q

What are 3 Electron Carriers involved in the ETC?

A

Cytochromes (Cyt.), Iron-sulfur proteins (FMN), Coenzyme Q (CoQ)

36
Q

Cytochromes

A

Carry 1 e- thru use of heme (Fe) groups

37
Q

Iron-sulfur proteins (FMN)

A

Protein + sulphide pair

38
Q

Coenzyme Q

A

Carry 1 or 2 e-

39
Q

(ETC) Every time e- carrier accepts an e- it also picks up…

A

Also picks up H+ from mitochondrial matrix
When e-carrier gives its e- to next carrier, H+ is released into intermembrane space

40
Q

There is more ___ve (+/-) charge on the outside than the inside

A

+ve

41
Q

More +ve charge outside than inside creates a difference in electric charge called ___

A

Potential energy

42
Q

Where does the +ve H+ travel through to get back into the matrix?

A

ATP synthase complex

43
Q

ATP synthase uses the E of H+ moving down their gradient to produce ___

A

ATP

44
Q

Anaerobic Pathway

A

ATP production without oxygen

45
Q

Fermentation

A

Breakdown of glucose into ethanol without O2

46
Q

Where does fermentation occur?

A

Cytosol

47
Q

What does fermentation produce?

A

Produces ethanol (alcohol)

48
Q

Pyruvate is converted ____ to alcohol in plants

A

anaerobically

49
Q

2 steps of pyruvate anaerobic conversion

A
  1. CO2 is released (decarboxylated)
  2. NADH oxidized & acetaldehyde reduced
    *Most E of glucose remains in alcohol

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