Lecture 5 Cellular Respiration

Question 1

3 Major Steps of Respiration

Answer 1

1. Glycolysis
2. Calvin Cycle
3. Electron Transport Chain

Question 2

Aside from glycolysis, Respiration occurs in the _____

Answer 2

Mitochondria

Question 3

A coenzyme that drives cellular processes

Answer 3

NADH & NAD+
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Question 4

NADH is ___ while NAD+ is ___ (Reduced/Oxidized)

Answer 4

NADH: Reduced
NAD+: Oxidized

Question 5

Metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate and protons

Answer 5

Glycolysis

Question 6

Accrual Formula of Glycolysis

Answer 6

Glucose - Glycolysis - 2 Pyruvate + 4 Hydrogen Atoms

Question 7

2 stages/ phases of glycolysis are known as

Answer 7

1. Preparatory (Preparing for ATP Produced)
2. Payoff Phase

Question 8

Which glycolysis stage/phase starts with E investment of 2 ATP (glucose)
& ends with splitting of 6-Carbon sugar into 2-Carbon molecules Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate?

Answer 8

Preparatory stage

Question 9

Which molecule signifies to the end of preparatory phase in glycolysis?

Answer 9

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

Question 10

Which glycolysis stage/ phase produces E yield of 4 ATP & 2 NADH, and results in 2 ATP & 2 Pyruvate?

Answer 10

Payoff phase

Question 11

What is the glycolysis E net result of Prep & Payoff phase?

Answer 11

E net = 2 ATP & 2 NADH

Question 12

Pyruvate is converted into ___

Answer 12

acetyl CoA

Question 13

Glycolysis creates pyruvate in ___

Answer 13

Cytosol

Question 14

2 Pyruvate enters the ___

Answer 14

Mitochondrial matrix

Question 15

Glycolysis equation summarized

Answer 15

Glucose + 2NAD+ +2ADP + 2Pi →
2 Pyruvate + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2ATP + 2H2O

Question 16

Which coenzyme is required to oxidize and decarboxylate both pyruvates?

Answer 16

Coenzyme A

Question 17

What is a result of Acetyl CoA derived from glucose?

Answer 17

Carbon - useful in citric acid cycle

Question 18

Original 2 pyruvate changed into 2 ___ groups

Answer 18

Acetyl

Question 19

2 NADH is ___ from NAD+ (reduced/oxidized?)

Answer 19

Reduced

Question 20

Which 8 enzymes are involved in Citric Acid Cycle?

Answer 20

1. Citrate synthase
2. Aconitase
3. Isocitrate dehydrogenase
4. a-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
5. Succinyl CoA synthetase
6. Succinate dehydrogenase
7. Fumarase
8. Malate dehydrogenase

Question 21

There are a total # steps in the Citric Acid Cycle

Answer 21

8 Steps

Question 22

Step 1 of Citric Acid Cycle + Enzyme involved

Answer 22

Acetyl CoA + 4-C compound (oxaloacetate) + H2O = 6-C compound Citrate

Enzyme: Citrate synthase (Putting things together)

Question 23

Step 2 of Citric Acid Cycle + Enzyme involved

Answer 23

Addition of aconitase reconfigures citrate molecule

Enzyme: Aconitase

Question 24

Step 3 of Citric Acid Cycle + Enzyme involved

Answer 24

Conversion of isocitrate to a-Ketoglutarate
CO2 molecule liberate, NAD+ reduced to NADH

Enzyme: isocitrate dehydrogenase

Question 25

Step 4 of Citric Acid Cycle + Enzyme involved

Answer 25

a-ketoglutarate further reduced into succinyl CoA which releases CO2 & NADH Enzyme: a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Question 26

Step 5 of Citric Acid Cycle + Enzyme involved

Answer 26

Creates ATP Water release ATP & lyses CoA to form succinate Maine closed circle occurs here (2 total) Enzyme: Succinyl CoA synthetase

Question 27

Step 6 of Citric Acid Cycle + Enzyme involved

Answer 27

Creation of FADH from FAD in reduction from succinate to fumarate Gets kicked over to electron transport chain Enzyme: Succinate dehydrogenase

Question 28

Step 7 of Citric Acid Cycle + Enzyme involved

Answer 28

Requires water to alter fumarate into malate Enzyme: Fumarase

Question 29

Step 8 of Citric Acid Cycle + Enzyme involved

Answer 29

Malate changed to oxaloacetate with addition of malate dehydrogenase NADH released 2nd closed circle *Oxaloacetate regeneration Enzyme: Malate dehydrogenase

Question 30

What is Oxaloacetate regeneration?

Answer 30

The process in a cycle where the addition of water to molecule will begin whole thing all over again

Question 31

Purpose of Electron Transport Chain (3 total)

Answer 31

-Build surplus of H+ in intermembrane space -Creates concentration gradient -Gradient used to power ATP production

Question 32

Each transfer in the ETC ____ Energy

Answer 32

Each transfer LOSES E

Question 33

What holds the e- carriers & enzymes required to catalyze the transfer from one carrier to the next?

Answer 33

An Embedded Complex

Question 34

In the ETC, the e- move ____

Answer 34

Laterally

Question 35

What are 3 Electron Carriers involved in the ETC?

Answer 35

Cytochromes (Cyt.), Iron-sulfur proteins (FMN), Coenzyme Q (CoQ)

Question 36

Cytochromes

Answer 36

Carry 1 e- thru use of heme (Fe) groups

Question 37

Iron-sulfur proteins (FMN)

Answer 37

Protein + sulphide pair

Question 38

Coenzyme Q

Answer 38

Carry 1 or 2 e-

Question 39

(ETC) Every time e- carrier accepts an e- it also picks up...

Answer 39

Also picks up H+ from mitochondrial matrix When e-carrier gives its e- to next carrier, H+ is released into intermembrane space

Question 40

There is more ___ve (+/-) charge on the outside than the inside

Answer 40

+ve

Question 41

More +ve charge outside than inside creates a difference in electric charge called ___

Answer 41

Potential energy

Question 42

Where does the +ve H+ travel through to get back into the matrix?

Answer 42

ATP synthase complex

Question 43

ATP synthase uses the E of H+ moving down their gradient to produce ___

Answer 43

ATP

Question 44

Anaerobic Pathway

Answer 44

ATP production without oxygen

Question 45

Fermentation

Answer 45

Breakdown of glucose into ethanol without O2

Question 46

Where does fermentation occur?

Answer 46

Cytosol

Question 47

What does fermentation produce?

Answer 47

Produces ethanol (alcohol)

Question 48

Pyruvate is converted ____ to alcohol in plants

Answer 48

anaerobically

Question 49

2 steps of pyruvate anaerobic conversion

Answer 49

1. CO2 is released (decarboxylated) 2. NADH oxidized & acetaldehyde reduced *Most E of glucose remains in alcohol