Lecture 3 Cell Cycle

Question 1

Interphase 5 steps

Answer 1

G1
G1 Checkpoint
S Phase
G2
G2 Checkpoint

Question 2

Phragmoplast

Answer 2

Are the cytoplasmic strands that bisect the wall, during interphase creates new wall & new cells

Question 3

4 Steps of Mitosis

Answer 3

1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase

Question 4

Known as nuclear division

Answer 4

Mitosis

Question 5

Known as cell division

Answer 5

Cytokinesis

Question 6

What type of division includes a complete set of previously duplicated chromosomes are allocated to the nuclei of each daughter cell?

Answer 6

Mitosis

Question 7

What type of division includes an entire cell divided into daughter cells?

Answer 7

Cytokinesis

Question 8

What type of cells are similar in structure to the parent cell?

Answer 8

Daughter cells

Question 9

G1 Phase (2 total)

Answer 9

1. Cell doubles in size
2. Organelles, enzymes and other molecules increase in number

Question 10

Gap 1 - G1 Checkpoint

Answer 10

Arrests the cycle OR initiates S phase
- Commits the cell to another round of cell division (Synthesis)

Question 11

Synthesis - S Phase (2 total)

Answer 11

1. DNA is replicated
2. DNA associated proteins (histones) are synthesized

Question 12

Gap 2 - G2 Phase (2 total)

Answer 12

1. Cell division structures assemble
2. Chromosomes begin to condense

Question 13

G2 Checkpoint

Answer 13

Checks chromosome replication & any DNA damage repaired

Question 14

2 unique interphase events in plant cells

Answer 14

1. Nucleus migrates to the center of cell (appears as halfway thru)
2. Appearance of a preprophase band during G2 just before the 1st phase of mitosis (appears as fully thru)

Question 15

3 Parts of Prophase known as

Answer 15

Early, Mid & Late Prophase

Question 16

Step 1 Prophase

Answer 16

Early: Chromosomes are visible are long threads
Mid: Chromosomes shorten & thicken, forms chromatids attached by centromere
Late: Kinetochores develop on both sides at centromere, nuclear envelope disappears

Question 17

Step 2 Metaphase

Answer 17

Mitotic spindles arise and attach to Kinetochores
Kinetochore microtubules align the chromosomes at the metaphase plate

Question 18

Step 3 Anaphase

Answer 18

Separation of sister chromatids at centromere, daughter chromosomes moves to opposite spindle poles
Motor proteins use ATP to pull chromosomes

Question 19

Step 4 Telophase

Answer 19

ER creates nuclear envelopes
Spindle disassembles & chromosomes become long threads again

Question 20

Plant cells cell division begin with the formation of ___

Answer 20

Phragmoplast

Question 21

Osmosis

Answer 21

Diffusion, cells moving randomly to occupy space

Question 22

Cytokinesis

Answer 22

Physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of parent cell into 2 daughter cells

Question 23

Osmotic potential (solute potential)

Answer 23

Tendency of water to move across membrane due to differences of solute concentration
Pressure due to movement of high to low water conc. till equillibrium

Question 24

What is the primary function of membranes

Answer 24

Movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Question 25

Turgor Pressure

Answer 25

Water pressure is equal & opposite the pressure exerted by cell wall Water moves in Causes the cell to be Turgid (stiff)

Question 26

Plasmolysis

Answer 26

When cell contacts higher # of solute, Water moves out and the plasma membrane shrinks away Causes plant to collapse

Question 27

Cell Membrane Structure (3 total)

Answer 27

- Lipid bi-layer - Made up of transmembrane proteins, globular proteins crossing thru membrane - 3 Classes of transport (pumps, carriers, channels)

Question 28

2 Types of Transmembrane Proteins

Answer 28

Single alpha helix Multi-pass proteins

Question 29

3 Basic Classes of transport proteins

Answer 29

1. Pumps 2. Carriers 3. Channels

Question 30

Pumps

Answer 30

- Active Transport (slow) - H+ pumps driven by ATP or light energy - Against conc./ electrochem. gradient requires energy + carrier protein - No proton = no sugar

Question 31

Carrier Protein

Answer 31

- Passive transport (intermediate) - Bind to specific solute, transform in order carry solute across membrane - Needs solute to fit to binding site, shuts down, changes/ transforms and opens up to let out

Question 32

Channel Proteins

Answer 32

- Passive Transport (Rapid) - Generally for water, bigger stuff, solutes w/ water, opens up like a river - Allows many basic things thru that help build molecules in body & enzymatic formation

Question 33

Endocytosis

Answer 33

Transportation of large molecules into cell

Question 34

3 Types of Endocytosis

Answer 34

1. Phagocytosis (eating) 2. Pinocytosis (drinking) 3. Receptor mediated endocytosis (coated pits)

Question 35

Phagocytosis

Answer 35

Eating Ingestion of large particles Engulfing something INTO body

Question 36

Pinocytosis

Answer 36

Drinking Ingestion of liquids from surrounding environment Pulling in cytosol around you

Question 37

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Answer 37

Receptor on the outside pinch off to form coated versicles Clathrin coated pits Fuses w/ golgi bodies or vacuoles to release contents

Question 38

Vesicle Mediated Transport

Answer 38

Transportation of large molecules or particles Releases contents into cell wall, plasma membrane remains Pushing it back out, Exocytosis

Question 39

Signal Transduction Pathway

Answer 39

Process where cell converts an extracellular message into a response

Question 40

3 Basic Steps of Signal Transduction Pathway

Answer 40

Reception Transduction Induction

Question 41

The ___ ___ plays a key role in signal recognition

Answer 41

Plasma Membrane

Question 42

In plants, signals are typically ___

Answer 42

Hormones (chemical messengers)

Question 43

Reception

Answer 43

Binding hormone to its specific receptor in the plasma membrane

Question 44

Transduction

Answer 44

Cell is stimulated for initial stimulus then sets off secondary messenger, signal is activated

Question 45

Induction

Answer 45

Second messenger activates inter cellular processes Response is generated

Question 46

Plasmodesmata

Answer 46

Small threads connecting protoplasts of adjacent cells * The interconnection is known as the symplast (Movement of substances cell to cell via plasmodesmata called symplastic transport)

Question 47

Movement of substances in the cell wall continuum or apoplast is known as __ __

Answer 47

Apoplastic Transport

Question 48

Movement of substances, like water, from cell to cell via the plasmodesmata is called ___ Transport

Answer 48

Symplast