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PF&F > Lecture 3 Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

Interphase 5 steps

A

G1
G1 Checkpoint
S Phase
G2
G2 Checkpoint

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2
Q

Phragmoplast

A

Are the cytoplasmic strands that bisect the wall, during interphase creates new wall & new cells

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3
Q

4 Steps of Mitosis

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
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4
Q

Known as nuclear division

A

Mitosis

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5
Q

Known as cell division

A

Cytokinesis

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6
Q

What type of division includes a complete set of previously duplicated chromosomes are allocated to the nuclei of each daughter cell?

A

Mitosis

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7
Q

What type of division includes an entire cell divided into daughter cells?

A

Cytokinesis

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8
Q

What type of cells are similar in structure to the parent cell?

A

Daughter cells

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9
Q

G1 Phase (2 total)

A
  1. Cell doubles in size
  2. Organelles, enzymes and other molecules increase in number
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10
Q

Gap 1 - G1 Checkpoint

A

Arrests the cycle OR initiates S phase
- Commits the cell to another round of cell division (Synthesis)

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11
Q

Synthesis - S Phase (2 total)

A
  1. DNA is replicated
  2. DNA associated proteins (histones) are synthesized
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12
Q

Gap 2 - G2 Phase (2 total)

A
  1. Cell division structures assemble
  2. Chromosomes begin to condense
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13
Q

G2 Checkpoint

A

Checks chromosome replication & any DNA damage repaired

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14
Q

2 unique interphase events in plant cells

A
  1. Nucleus migrates to the center of cell (appears as halfway thru)
  2. Appearance of a preprophase band during G2 just before the 1st phase of mitosis (appears as fully thru)
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15
Q

3 Parts of Prophase known as

A

Early, Mid & Late Prophase

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16
Q

Step 1 Prophase

A

Early: Chromosomes are visible are long threads
Mid: Chromosomes shorten & thicken, forms chromatids attached by centromere
Late: Kinetochores develop on both sides at centromere, nuclear envelope disappears

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17
Q

Step 2 Metaphase

A

Mitotic spindles arise and attach to Kinetochores
Kinetochore microtubules align the chromosomes at the metaphase plate

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18
Q

Step 3 Anaphase

A

Separation of sister chromatids at centromere, daughter chromosomes moves to opposite spindle poles
Motor proteins use ATP to pull chromosomes

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19
Q

Step 4 Telophase

A

ER creates nuclear envelopes
Spindle disassembles & chromosomes become long threads again

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20
Q

Plant cells cell division begin with the formation of ___

A

Phragmoplast

21
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion, cells moving randomly to occupy space

22
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of parent cell into 2 daughter cells

23
Q

Osmotic potential (solute potential)

A

Tendency of water to move across membrane due to differences of solute concentration
Pressure due to movement of high to low water conc. till equillibrium

24
Q

What is the primary function of membranes

A

Movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane

25
Q

Turgor Pressure

A

Water pressure is equal & opposite the pressure exerted by cell wall
Water moves in
Causes the cell to be Turgid (stiff)

26
Q

Plasmolysis

A

When cell contacts higher # of solute, Water moves out and the plasma membrane shrinks away
Causes plant to collapse

27
Q

Cell Membrane Structure (3 total)

A
  • Lipid bi-layer
  • Made up of transmembrane proteins, globular proteins crossing thru membrane
  • 3 Classes of transport (pumps, carriers, channels)
28
Q

2 Types of Transmembrane Proteins

A

Single alpha helix
Multi-pass proteins

29
Q

3 Basic Classes of transport proteins

A
  1. Pumps
  2. Carriers
  3. Channels
30
Q

Pumps

A
  • Active Transport (slow)
  • H+ pumps driven by ATP or light energy
  • Against conc./ electrochem. gradient requires energy + carrier protein
  • No proton = no sugar
31
Q

Carrier Protein

A
  • Passive transport (intermediate)
  • Bind to specific solute, transform in order carry solute across membrane
  • Needs solute to fit to binding site, shuts down, changes/ transforms and opens up to let out
32
Q

Channel Proteins

A
  • Passive Transport (Rapid)
  • Generally for water, bigger stuff, solutes w/ water, opens up like a river
  • Allows many basic things thru that help build molecules in body & enzymatic formation
33
Q

Endocytosis

A

Transportation of large molecules into cell

34
Q

3 Types of Endocytosis

A
  1. Phagocytosis (eating)
  2. Pinocytosis (drinking)
  3. Receptor mediated endocytosis (coated pits)
35
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Eating
Ingestion of large particles
Engulfing something INTO body

36
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Drinking
Ingestion of liquids from surrounding environment
Pulling in cytosol around you

37
Q

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

A

Receptor on the outside pinch off to form coated versicles
Clathrin coated pits
Fuses w/ golgi bodies or vacuoles to release contents

38
Q

Vesicle Mediated Transport

A

Transportation of large molecules or particles
Releases contents into cell wall, plasma membrane remains
Pushing it back out, Exocytosis

39
Q

Signal Transduction Pathway

A

Process where cell converts an extracellular message into a response

40
Q

3 Basic Steps of Signal Transduction Pathway

A

Reception
Transduction
Induction

41
Q

The ___ ___ plays a key role in signal recognition

A

Plasma Membrane

42
Q

In plants, signals are typically ___

A

Hormones (chemical messengers)

43
Q

Reception

A

Binding hormone to its specific receptor in the plasma membrane

44
Q

Transduction

A

Cell is stimulated for initial stimulus then sets off secondary messenger, signal is activated

45
Q

Induction

A

Second messenger activates inter cellular processes
Response is generated

46
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Small threads connecting protoplasts of adjacent cells
* The interconnection is known as the symplast
(Movement of substances cell to cell via plasmodesmata called symplastic transport)

47
Q

Movement of substances in the cell wall continuum or apoplast is known as __ __

A

Apoplastic Transport

48
Q

Movement of substances, like water, from cell to cell via the plasmodesmata is called ___ Transport

A

Symplast

PF&F (5 decks)

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