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Biology 2 > lecture 5: cellular respiration > Flashcards

lecture 5: cellular respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

what happens to the reactants of cellular respiration?

A

-C6H12O6 gets oxidized to CO2
-O2 gets reduced to H20

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2
Q

what is cellular respiration?

A

4 step process that gradually breaks down glucose

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3
Q

why is cellular respiration a redox reaction?

A

-because glucose is oxidized (loses electrons). glucose gives its electrons to O2

because O2 is reduced

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4
Q

what is the reaction for cellular respiration?

A
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5
Q

what are the electron carriers in cellular respiration?

A

NADH and FADH2

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6
Q

which steps of cellular respiration strip glucose of its electrons and transfer them to NAD+ and FAD?

A

glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle

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7
Q

what are the 2 ways to make ATP in cellular respiration?

A

-substrate level phosphorylation
-oxidative phosphorylation

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8
Q

what is substrate level phosphorylation? when does this happen?

A

-enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from a substrate (gives the substrate’s phosphate group to ADP, which forms ATP

-glycolysis and citric acid cycle

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9
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation? when does this happen?

A

-chemiosmosis powers the production of ATP by ATP synthase
-electron transport chain (ETC)

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10
Q

how many ATP does a single glucose molecule produce?

A

32

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11
Q

where does glycolysis happen?

A

cytosol of the cell

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12
Q

which parts of cellular respiration occur in the mitochondria?

A

pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

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13
Q

which step of cellular respiration does not produce ATP?

A

pyruvate oxidation

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14
Q

What is the reaction equation for glycolysis?

A
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15
Q

What is the reaction for pyruvate oxidation?

A
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16
Q

What is the reaction for the citric acid cycle?

A
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17
Q

What is the reaction for the electron transport chain?

A
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18
Q

how many phases does glycolysis have?

A

2

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19
Q

what are the 2 phases of glycolysis?

A

-energy requiring phase (need ATP)
-energy producing phase (produces ATP)

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20
Q

what exactly happens during the energy producing phase of glycolysis?

A
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21
Q

What exactly happens during the energy requiring phase of glycolysis?

A
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22
Q

What does the input of products/reactants look like in the energy requiring phase of glycolysis?

A
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22
Q

What does the input of products/reactants look like in the energy producing phase of glycolysis?

A
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23
Q

What does the net input of products/reactants look like in glycolysis?

A
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23
Q

what is the coenzyme needed to catalyze pyruvate oxidation?

A

coenzyme A

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23
Q

after being produced by glycolysis, where does pyruvate go?

A

it is transported into the mitochondrial matrix and oxidized to acetyl-CoA

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24
Q

how is the amount of carbons conserved throughout pyruvate oxidation?

A
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25
Q

what is the Krebs cycle/citric acid cycle’s purpose? what is getting oxidized and what is it being oxidized to?

A

final breakdown of glucose and completely oxidizing it. Acetyl-CoA is being oxidized to CO2

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26
Q

what is the sentence that helps to remember the Krebs cycle?

A

Crikey, I am so sorry for making oatmeal

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27
Q

where does the krebs cycle take place?

A

mitochondrial matrix

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28
Q

how many turns does the Krebs cycle do per glucose molecule?

A

2 cycles, because each glucose molecules produces 2 pyruvate molecules

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29
Q

What is the net products of 2 rounds of the Krebs cycle?

A
30
Q

what happens during the electron transport chain?

A

-energy moves through the ETC from high energy to low energy (spontaneous)
-energy released is used to pump protons into the intermembrane space to generate a proton gradient (pumping protons is non-spontaneous)

31
Q

what does the electron transport chain (ETC) contain?

A
32
Q

where is the electron transport chain?

A

embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane

33
Q

which enzyme complex receives the electrons from FADH2?

A

complex II

34
Q

where does the ETC get its electron sources from?

A

-the electrons are taken from NADH and FADH2, produced during the previous steps of cellular respiration

35
Q

which enzyme complexes pump protons? how do they pump them?

A

I, III and IV. Every time an electron moves through complex, it releases energy, which then powers the pumping of one H+

36
Q

why does complex II not pump protons?

A

its not bound into the membrane

37
Q

what is the enzyme in the ETC that allows H+ to regain their concentration gradient. how does this produce ATP?

A

ATP synthase. H+ moves in this channel, which powers the turbine attached to it and attaches ADP+P together to form ATP

38
Q

what are the 2 mobile e-carriers?

A

coenzyme Q and cytochrome C

39
Q

what type of ATP production is the electron transport train?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

40
Q

how many electrons do NADH and FADH2 each give to the complexes?

A

2

41
Q

what is the final electron acceptor during electron transport chain?

A

O2

42
Q

what does complex 1 do?

A

-receives electron from NADH
-pumps protons from matrix into inter membrane space
-

43
Q

what does coenzyme Q do? (ubiquinone)

A

-receives electron from complex 1 or FADH2 (via complex 2)
-moves in the lipid bilayer (lipid soluble)

44
Q

what does complex III do?

A

-receives electron from coenzyme Q
-pumps protons from matrix into intermembrane space
-contains cytochromes

45
Q

what does cytochrome C do?

A

receives electrons from complex III. It moves over the ETC, because it is not lipid soluble. passes electrons to complex IIII

46
Q

what does complex IV do? (CYTOCHROME OXIDASE)

A

-receives electrons from cytochrome C
-transfers electrons to O2 to produce H2O
-pumps protons from matrix into intermembrane space
-contains cytochromes

47
Q

what are cytochromes?

A

-iron containing heme proteins important for the ETC because iron can act as an electron donor or acceptor

48
Q

What is the reaction that happens within the iron of cytochromes that allows it to be good for cellular respiration?

A
49
Q

how many ATP are produced during the electron transport chain cycle?

A

for 10 NADH and 6FADH2, 28 ATP are produced during this part of cellular respiration

50
Q

which reactions produce the 6 CO2 total for cellular respiration? how many CO2 does each reaction produce?

A

-2 CO2 from pyruvate oxidation
-4 CO2 from citric acid cycle

51
Q

which reactions produce the 32 ATP molecules total for cellular respiration? how many ATP molecules does each reaction produce?

A

-2ATP from glycolysis
-2 ATP from Krebs cycle
-28 ATP from electron transport chain

52
Q

in the electron transport chain, how many ATP are produced per NADH? how many are produced by NADH total (for one reaction)

A

2.5 ATP/NADH
25 total for 10 NADH

53
Q

in the electron transport chain, how many ATP are produced per FADH2? how many are produced by FADH2 total (for one reaction)

A

1.5 ATP/FDH2
3 total (for 2 FDH2)

54
Q

what would happen if a proton (H+) channel was inserted into the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A

-less ATP would be made for same amount of glucose
-more energy would be lost as heat

55
Q

Why does FADH2 produce less ATP than NADH?

A

Because it enters at an energy level inferior to the energy level that NADH enters (complex II instead of complex I), so it releases less energy and pumps less H+ across the membrane

56
Q

what is the process of uncoupling?

A

-when chemiosmosis is uncoupled from ATP synthesis
-example: adding an additional proton channel into the mitochondrial membrane (not ATP synthase)

57
Q

what are other organic molecules, from which cellular respiration can extract energy from?

A

proteins and fats

58
Q

if proteins are used for cellular respiration, they are broken down to form amino acids in order to form what (to enter the cycle)?

A

-pyruvate
-acetyl-coa
-intermediates of the citric acid cycle

59
Q

when proteins are broken down into cellular respiration components. what is released?

A

NH3

60
Q

If fats are used for cellular respiration, what do they enter the cycle as?

A

glycerol: G3P

fatty acids: acetyl-coa

61
Q

by what process do fatty acids become Acetyl-coa?

A

b oxidation

62
Q

what are fats composed of?

A

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

63
Q

what is cellular respiration regulation based on?

A

to respond to metabolic needs

64
Q

what are the allosteric regulators of phosphofruktokinase?

A

ATP, AMP and citrate

65
Q

which reaction does PFK catalyze?

A

3rd reaction of glycolysis

66
Q

what are the allosteric inhibitors of PFK (phosphofruktokinase)?

A

-ATP
-citrate

67
Q

what is the allosteric activator of PFK?

A

AMP

68
Q

what is fermentation?

A

-production of ATP by glycolysis only (no ETC so no O2 needed)

69
Q

how many ATP are produced through fermentation?

A

2 ATP/glucose

70
Q

what is the extra step that fermentation takes?

A

-recycles NAD+ from NADH so glycolysis can continue

71
Q

what are the 2 types of fermentation?

A

-alcohol fermentation
-lactic acid fermentation

72
Q

What is the reaction for lactic acid fermentation?

A
73
Q

what is being reduced during alcohol fermentation? why?

A

acetaldehyde. because NADH carries its electrons to acetaldehyde.

74
Q

what is being reduced during lactic acid fermentation? why?

A

-pyruvate, because NADH brings its electrons to it.

75
Q

during alcohol fermentation, what is acetaldehyde being reduced to?

A

ethanol

76
Q
A

Biology 2 (27 decks)

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