Lecture #5 (Cells)

Question 1

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

Answer 1

-double Helix
-made up of deoxyribose
-nucleic acids (A-T, C-G)
-makes up your genes
-found in the nucleus

Question 2

Gene

Answer 2

section of DNA coding for a single protein

Question 3

RNA

Answer 3

Ribonucleic acid
-single strand
-A,G,C,U
-can move into the cytoplasm

Question 4

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

Answer 4

aka “Cellular Energy”
-used for heat, muscle contractions, synthesize protein
Glucose + O2 –> CO2 + H2O + ATP

Question 5

Mitosis:

Answer 5

process of cell division used for growth + repair
-located in the epithelial + connective tissue
-1 cell divided = 2 cells (genetically identical)

Question 6

Meiosis

Answer 6

produce sperm or egg cells
-located in the testes or ovaries
-1 cell divided = 4 cells (NOT identical)
-for females meiosis shutdown due to menopause = lack of egg production

Question 7

Cancer

Answer 7

uncontrolled mitosis
-genetic problem

-ex unusual lump in the body

Question 8

Major Parts of a Cell
1)

Answer 8

1. Cell Membrane: outer border of the cell

-made up of a bi-layer of phospholipids w/cholesterol & proteins embedded
-acts as the identification for a cell
-involved w/movement across the membrane

Question 9

Major Parts of a Cell
2)

Answer 9

2. Nucleus
   -contains DNA
   -acts as the control center
   -has pores so things can pass through

Question 10

Major Parts of a Cell
3)

Answer 10

3. Organelles + Cytoplasm

Question 11

1
Types of Movement throughout the Membrane:

Answer 11

1. Diffusion: substance moves from H con. to L con.

a) Passive Diffusion; small molecules like O2, CO2
directly through the membrane

b) Facilitated Diffusion; a channel must be open for diffusion to occur
ex-movement of glucose, insulin would open the channel

Question 12

2
Types of Movement throughout the Membrane:

Answer 12

2. Osmosis: movement of water towards more con. solution

Question 13

3
Types of Movement throughout the Membrane:

Answer 13

3. Active Transport: low to high con.
   -requires ATP from the cell
   -used for absorbing nutrients

Question 14

4
Types of Movement throughout the Membrane:

Answer 14

4. Phagocytosis: cell eating
   -done by WBC

Question 15

Tonicity

Answer 15

Isotonic :equal concentration, shape will remain the same

Hypertonic: solution is more con. than cell, cell shrinks

Hypotonic: solution is less con., H2O moves into cell, cell swells/burst

Question 16

Structures that can be on the membrane

Answer 16

1. Cilia: proteins in membrane that filter and move substances
   -found in the trachea + fallopian tubes
2. Microvili: absorb nutrients
   -found in small intestines

Question 17

Type of Organelles:

Answer 17

1. Mitochondria: synthesize ATP, is the powerhouse
2. Lysosome: secrete digestive enzymes
3. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
   -smooth ER: detoxify drugs/alcohol
   -rough ER: has ribosome which synthesize proteins
4. Golgi Apparatus: packaging center for proteins
5. Centerioles: organizing spindle fibers during mitosis
6. Microtubules/Microfilaments: create the cytoskeleton
7. Flagellum: found in sperm (moves the sperm)