Lecture #5 (Cells) Flashcards
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
-double Helix
-made up of deoxyribose
-nucleic acids (A-T, C-G)
-makes up your genes
-found in the nucleus
Gene
section of DNA coding for a single protein
RNA
Ribonucleic acid
-single strand
-A,G,C,U
-can move into the cytoplasm
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
aka “Cellular Energy”
-used for heat, muscle contractions, synthesize protein
Glucose + O2 –> CO2 + H2O + ATP
Mitosis:
process of cell division used for growth + repair
-located in the epithelial + connective tissue
-1 cell divided = 2 cells (genetically identical)
Meiosis
produce sperm or egg cells
-located in the testes or ovaries
-1 cell divided = 4 cells (NOT identical)
-for females meiosis shutdown due to menopause = lack of egg production
Cancer
uncontrolled mitosis
-genetic problem
-ex unusual lump in the body
Major Parts of a Cell
1)
- Cell Membrane: outer border of the cell
-made up of a bi-layer of phospholipids w/cholesterol & proteins embedded
-acts as the identification for a cell
-involved w/movement across the membrane
Major Parts of a Cell
2)
- Nucleus
-contains DNA
-acts as the control center
-has pores so things can pass through
Major Parts of a Cell
3)
- Organelles + Cytoplasm
1
Types of Movement throughout the Membrane:
- Diffusion: substance moves from H con. to L con.
a) Passive Diffusion; small molecules like O2, CO2
directly through the membrane
b) Facilitated Diffusion; a channel must be open for diffusion to occur
ex-movement of glucose, insulin would open the channel
2
Types of Movement throughout the Membrane:
- Osmosis: movement of water towards more con. solution
3
Types of Movement throughout the Membrane:
- Active Transport: low to high con.
-requires ATP from the cell
-used for absorbing nutrients
4
Types of Movement throughout the Membrane:
- Phagocytosis: cell eating
-done by WBC
Tonicity
Isotonic :equal concentration, shape will remain the same
Hypertonic: solution is more con. than cell, cell shrinks
Hypotonic: solution is less con., H2O moves into cell, cell swells/burst
Structures that can be on the membrane
- Cilia: proteins in membrane that filter and move substances
-found in the trachea + fallopian tubes - Microvili: absorb nutrients
-found in small intestines
Type of Organelles:
- Mitochondria: synthesize ATP, is the powerhouse
- Lysosome: secrete digestive enzymes
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
-smooth ER: detoxify drugs/alcohol
-rough ER: has ribosome which synthesize proteins - Golgi Apparatus: packaging center for proteins
- Centerioles: organizing spindle fibers during mitosis
- Microtubules/Microfilaments: create the cytoskeleton
- Flagellum: found in sperm (moves the sperm)
