Lecture #4 (Organic Chem)

Question 1

Nutrients :
-major nutrients

Answer 1

• Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, H2O, vitamins, minerals

Question 2

Carbohydrates :

Answer 2

-give us energy + bulk
-made up of C, H, O
-contain 4cal/grams

Question 3

Types of Carbs:
#1

Answer 3

1) Monosaccharides : 1 sugar unit
ex. glucose (dextrose)

a) Fructose: sugar found in fruit AND high fructose corn syrup
-fructose is converted into glucose

b) Galactose: breakdown of lactose

Question 4

Types of Carbs:
#2

Answer 4

2) Diasaccharides : 2 monosaccharides bonded together

a) Lactose: broken down by enzyme lactate.
becomes galactose + glucose

b) Sucrose: table sugar from sugarcane
broken down from sucrase becomes fructose + glucose

c) Maltose: found in wheat
broken down by maltase and becomes glucose 2x

Question 5

Types of Carbs:
#3

Answer 5

3) Polysaccarides: 1,200 monos bonded together

a) Starch gets broken down by many glucose molecules

b) Glycogen, stored polysacc. in liver + skeletal muscles

c) Cellulose “fiber”, only found in the cell wall of plants
-promotes bowel movements (peristalsis) prevents constipation
-Indigestible in humans

Question 6

Brain runs on….

Answer 6

glucose

Question 7

Lipids :

Answer 7

-Fats
-9 cal/gram
-hydrophobic (don’t mix w/water)
-functions provide lots of energy, insulation, cell membranes, hormones. myelin (coating around axons)

Question 8

Types of Lipids
#1

Answer 8

1) Triglyceride: 3 fatty acids + glycerol
-most fat consumed

a) Saturated Fats, lacks double bonding + saturated w/hydrogens
-semi solid at room temp
-increase heart disease

b) Monounsaturated, 1 double bond
-heart healthy

c) Polyunsaturated fats, many double bonds
-corn/vegetable oil

Transaturated Fats: laboratory made
polyunsat. –> saturated

Question 9

Types of Lipids
#2

Answer 9

2) Phospholipids: glycerol + phospho end + 2 FA
-function make up cell membranes, lipoproteins, bile

Question 10

Types of Lipids
#3

Answer 10

3) Sterols “steroids”
-Cholesterol, in animal foods
function to make cell membranes + hormones (progesterone, testosterone, aldosterone

Question 11

Types of Protein
#1

Answer 11

1) Protein is made up C,H,O,N
function for muscle, hair, tendons/ligaments, enzymes

composed of a chain of amino acids (bonded together)

Question 12

Protein Structure :

Answer 12

1. Primary Structure: sequence of AA (20 different AA)
   determined by genes

Question 13

H2O

Answer 13

Most vital nutrient
-majority of body weight (55%)
-helps maintain temp
-found in blood (it moves substances around)
-eliminates waste (urine)

Question 14

Vitamins

Answer 14

-noncaloric
-act as a coenzyme (help the enzyme)

Question 15

Minerals

Answer 15

-noncaloric
-act as electrolytes