Lecture 5 - Caring and Caring Theories (: Flashcards
What is meant by caring as a moral ideal?
As an ethical standard or value that emphasizes compassion and responsibility in human interactions.
Not just doing what is right in the traditional sense, but about promoting well-being through genuine care for others.
Which discipline do caring theories originate in?
Origins in anthropology
According to Watson, caring science is a philosophy of…? How does Watson view humans?
A philosophy of human freedom, choice, and responsibility
She views humans as non-reducible persons interconnected with their environment.
What is the ontology and epistemology of Watson’s caring theory?
Ontology: human connectedness is not bound in space in time
Epistemology: Empirical, aesthetic, ethical, intuition
How does Marlene Smith define caring?
The intentions, expressions, behaviours, actions, and experiences grounded in a moral-ethical-spiritual foundation that nurture humanization, health, healing and well-being
–> The meaning of caring varies within nursing paradigms and theories but it ultimately more than the practice of compassion and kindness
What are the key themes in nursing’s perspective of caring, according to Marlene Smith?
- Human wholeness
- Health, healing, well-being
- Human-Environment-Health relationship
- Caring
What are some key strategies to strengthen nursing’s identity, according to Marlene Smith?
- Integrate theory in education
- Promote nursing specific research
- Assert nursing’s unique perspective in HC teams
- Encourage theory-based practice
According to Leininger, what is caring?
The essence of nursing and what make sit distinct from other disciplines - caring is inextricably linked to culture
According to Leininger’s cultural care theory, caring can only be discovered from an emic perspective. What is meant by this?
From a people/community perspective
–> Provide care than is beneficial to persons, families, communities, population of diverse cultures.
What was the inspiration for Leininger’s cultural care theory?
To move away from medical symptoms and treatments and move towards culture, care, and values
Recognizes that several factors influence health.
What assumptions does Leininger’s cultural care theory make?
Care is essential for growth, development, and survival
There is no curing without caring
Therapeutic nursing honours cultural values
Nursing is transcultural
What are the four key concepts of Leininger’s cultural care theory?
Culture
Culturally congruent care
Culture care diversity - differences in cultures
Culture care universality - commonalities within and between cultures
According to Leininger, what is the relationships between the person and their cultural background?
The person is inseparable from their physical, ecological, social, and historical environment
What is health, according to Leininger?
More than the absence of disease, more than a point on a continuum.
–> Embedded is social structure, differs from cultures
What are the three cultural care models describes by Leininger to acheive culturally congruent care?
Culture care…
Preservation/maintenance
Accommodation/negotiation
Repatterning/restructuring
What is meant by culture care preservation/maintenance?
Culturally-based assistance, support. Facilitation of actions and decisions that maintain well-being, recover from illness, or dying
e.g., different practices that people desire through the death and dying process
What is meant by culture care accommodation/negotiation?
Actions of the nurse that are adapted or adjusted to the health and lifestyle
e.g., some people do not accept blood transfusions or eat specific food
What is meant by culture care repatterning/restructuring?
Culturally based actions that held clients to change aspects of their life to benefit their health
e.g., advocacy for change that adheres to a person’s preferences
What are some common critiques of Leininger’s cultural care theory?
Leads to stereotyping through culturalism and assuming practices are rigid and universally shared for a particular group
Focuses on culture shock
According to Watson, what is caring?
Caring is a value and an attitude - a moral ideal
What is the foundation of nursing, according to Watson?
Caring.
“Nursing is a spiritual practice, but it got caught up in medicine”
ew.
What is the goal of nursing, according to Watson? How is caring achieved?
GOAL: Transpersonal caring relationships to help people achieve harmony of the mind, body, soul
Caring is achieved through caring transactions
What is the inspiration for Watson’s care theory?
Existential, empirical, phenomenological, and spiritual orientations.
–> inspired by feminist theory, metaphysics, humanities, arts and sciences.
Influenced by Carl Rogers, Nightingale, Henderson, Leininger, Peplau, Newman
What are they key concepts* of Watson’s theory?
- Humanistic-altruistic systems of values
- Faith-hope
- Sensitivity to self and others
- Helping-trusting, human care relationships
- Expressing positive and negative feelings
- Creative problem-solving caring processes
- Transpersonal teaching-learning
- Supporting, protecting, and/or corrective mental. physical, societal, and spiritual environment
- Human needs assistance
- Existential-phenomenological-spiritual forces
*These are also described as the ‘ten caritas processes’
See key criticism: pointless neologism
What are the three spheres of personhood, according to Watson?
Unity of the mind-body-soul
Which theorist originally drew a connection between the metaphysical and nursing care?
Watson started the new-age nurse cult
According to Watson, what is the nursing role in the environment?
To support, protect, and correct mental, physical, societal, and spiritual environments
–> This is caritas process 8
What is health, according to Watson?
Unity of the mind-body-soul
What are the common critiques of Watson’s carative theory?
It glorifies goodness
It makes normative claims
It emphasizes traditional values in nursing
Uses neological language
Supernurse themes
What are some challenges to nursing’s disciplinary identity, according to Marlene Smith?
Educational gaps focus on technical skills rather than nursing theories
Research trends favouring medical science rather than nursing-specific knowledge
Interprofessional pressures leading to marginalization of nursing’s unique perspective
Advanced Practice Nursing leads to over-reliance on the medical model at the expense of nursing’s holistic approach
When does illness occur, according to Watson?
When there is disharmony within a person’s mind-body-soul.
According to Watson, caring occurs when…
A person enters the reality of another person
Someone perceives and feels another person’s experience
Communicates their understanding
is NOT about manipulation and control
