Lecture 2 - Worldviews and Paradigms + Concept Analysis Flashcards
What is a paradigm?
Patterns of beliefs and practices that regulate inquiry within a discipline by providing lenses, frames, and processes through which investigation is accomplished. A Worldview.
What are the paradigms discussed in this class?
Empiricism/positivism/postpositivism
Interpretive/constructivist
Critical/ideological
When does a paradigm shift occur, according to Kuhn?
When the accepted paradigm is challenged and the present way of thinking no longer allows the discipline to provide explanation for the new information
What is the ontological perspective of truth in the empirical/post-positivism lens?
Things exist independently of perception. There is a single truth.
What is the ontological perspective of truth in the interpretive/contstructivist?
Meanings are constructed by humans. Truth is relative and dependent on perception.
What is the ontological perspective of truth in the critical lens?
An absolute representation of reality cannot be achieved - we live within the constraints of constructed social rules that have real, measurable effects.
What is post-positivism’s perspective on reality?
Reality is objective, measurable, and can be perceived with the senses
What is constructivism’s perspective on reality?
Reality is subjectively and experiential
What is the critical lens’s perspective on reality?
Reality does not exist outside of our perceptions, empirical claims about it are always contingent and potentially fallible
What is the purpose of inquiry, according to the post-positivist lens?
What research methods are used?
The purpose of inquiry is to:
–> Create generalizable truths
–> Identify causal relationships
–> Theory verification
Uses Quantitative Methods
–> RCT, correlation data analysis, surveys, etc.
What is the purpose of inquiry, according to the constructivist lens?
What research methods are used?
To understand and explore. Theory generation.
Qualitative Approaches
–> Interviews, focus groups, phenomenology, grounded theory
What is the purpose of inquiry, according to the critical lens?
What research methods are used?
Emancipation of the oppressed, reduction of stigma, critique status quo, philosophically driven
Mixed, mostly qualitative approaches
–> Ethnography, participatory action, discourse critique
What is the role of the researcher in post-positivist research?
To be value free, objective, eliminate bias
What is the role of the researcher in the constructivist and critical lens?
In both the researcher should practice reflexivity due to the nature of qualitative research.
In constructivism, the researcher is expected to practice bracketing.
According the the critical lens, who does knowledge belong to?
Knowledge should not be owned by the researcher, it belongs to the participants who generated it.
What is a concept?
Represent categories of information that contain defining attributes
What are the eight steps of concept analysis described by Walker & Avant (2019)?
- Select and define concept
- Determine the purpose of the analysis
- Identify uses of the concept
- Determine defining attributes
- Identify a model case (case-study)
- Identify borderline, contrary, invented, and illegitimate cases of its use
- Identify antecedents and consequences
- Define empirical referents
What is a theoretical definition of a concept?
Abstract definition that focuses on core meaning
What is a operational definition of a concept?
Provides a concrete way to measure a definition in a research setting
In the context of concept analysis, is a borderline case?
Contains some but not all of the critical attributes of the concept
In the context of concept analysis, is a related case?
Related to the concept, but does not contain the critical attributes
In the context of concept analysis, is an invented case?
Constructed, not existing in real life
In the context of concept analysis, is a illegitimate case?
Use of the context improperly or out of context
What are the four main goals of different kinds of theories?
To describe, explain, predict, and prescribe
List the kinds of theory/concepts from most to least abstract
Nursing Metaparadigm
Worldview/paradigm
Grand theories/schools of thought
Middle-range
Practice-level
Concepts
Indicators - measurable, observable
According to Weaver & Olsen (2006), what are patterns of beliefs and practices that regulate inquiry within a discipline by providing lenses, frames, and processes through which investigation is accomplished?
Paradigms
What are the steps of Kuhn’s cycle?
Pre-science –> Normal science
Model shift
Model crisis
Model revolution
Paradigm shift
What did Weaver & Olson (2006) determine about use of paradigms?
Theoretical triangulation and use of a different paradigms are necessary to produce diverse knowledge. The benefits and limitations of each paradigm must be considered.
According to Fawcett, what are the four requirements for a metaparadigm?
- Define a distinctive domain for the discipline
- Encompass all phenomena of interest
- Must be perspective-neutral
- International in scope and substance
How does Fawcett view the nursing metaparadigm?
Conceptual models and research are required to refine it.
What do Holmes & Gustaldo argue about Rhizomatic thought?
Alternative ways of thinking allow for alternative exploration and definition of the nursing discipline
