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ELM2 - cardiovascular > lecture 5 - cardiac cycle > Flashcards

lecture 5 - cardiac cycle Flashcards

1
Q

Is the opening of AV valves a passive or energy-intensive process?

A

Passive

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2
Q

What causes the AV valves to open and close passively?

A

Pressure differences across the valve. Opening occurs when atrial pressure is greater than ventricular pressure

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3
Q

What are the 2 phases of the cardiac cycle?

A

Ventricular diastole, ventricular systole

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4
Q

What is the state of the ventricles during ventricular diastole?

A

Ventricles are relaxed

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5
Q

What is the state of the ventricles during ventricular systole?

A

Ventricles are contracting

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6
Q

What is the name for the first phase of diastole?

A

Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

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7
Q

What happens during the isovolumetric ventricular relaxtion phase of diastole?

A

Atria are filled with blood returning to the heart

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8
Q

What is the second phase of ventricular diastole?

A

Ventricular filling

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9
Q

What occurs during the ventricular filling phase of diastole?

A

Blood passively fills the ventricles via the atria through the open AV valves, then followed by atrial systole where atrial depolarisation occurs, caused the atria to contract, ejecting blood into the ventricles, so that the volume is at maximum (end diastolic volume)

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10
Q

What is the term for the maximum volume of blood in the ventricles after passive and contractile filling?

A

End-diastolic volume

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11
Q

What are the 2 phases of ventricular systole?

A

Isovolumetric ventricular contraction, ventricular ejection

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12
Q

What happens during isovolumetric contraction?

A

The ventricles depolarise and begin to contract, causing the AV valves to close. A large amount of pressure builds in the ventricles, as they squeeze while the volume of blood inside remains the same

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13
Q

What happens during ventricular ejection?

A

When left ventricular pressure exceeds aortic or pulmonary pressure, the semilunar valves open and blood is ejected from the ventricles. The ventricles repolarise during this phase.

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14
Q

What proportion of the length of the cardiac cycle does the heart spend in diastole?

A

approx. 2/3

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15
Q

What proportion of the length of the cardiac cycle does the heart spend in systole?

A

Approx. 1/3

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16
Q

At what point of the cardiac cycle is arterial pressure at a minimum?

A

At the end of diastole

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17
Q

At what point of the cardiac cycle is arterial pressure at a maximum?

A

During the ejection phase of systole

18
Q

Why can JVP height be used to assess right atrial pressure?

A

There are no valves between the superior vena cava, right atrium and jugular vein, so changes in right atrial pressure are transmitted directly to the jugular vein

19
Q

What is the effect of increasing heart rate on the duration of systole and diastole?

A

Duration of both decreases, but length of diastole increases more to preserve systolic time

20
Q

What events in the cardiac cycle correspond with an ECG P wave?

A

Atrial depolarisation

21
Q

What events in the cardiac cycle correspond with an ECG QRS complex?

A

Ventricular depolarisation

22
Q

What events in the cardiac cycle correspond with an ECG T wave?

A

Ventricular repolarisation

23
Q

At which point on an ECG does atrial contraction occur?

A

Just after the P wave

24
Q

At which point on an ECG does ventricular contraction occur?

A

After the QRS complex

25
Q

At which point on an ECG does ventricular relaxtion occur?

A

After the T wave

26
Q

What causes the first heart sound (S1)?

A

Closure of the AV valves - mitral and tricuspid - during diastole

27
Q

What causes the second heart sound (S2)?

A

Closure of the semilunar valves - aortic and pulmonary - during systole

28
Q

What causes the third heart sound (S3)?

A

Rapid ventricular filling in early diastole, though not audible in every patient

29
Q

What patient group tend to have an audible third heart sound?

A

Young patients

30
Q

Which valve closes first during the S1 heart sound?

A

Mitral before tricuspid

31
Q

Which valve closes first during the S2 heart sound?

A

Aortic before pulmonary

32
Q

What does S1 sound like?

A

Low, long sound (lub)

33
Q

What does S2 sound like?

A

Short, high pitched (dub)

34
Q

Why does normal blood flow not generate sound?

A

The flow is laminar and stream-lined

35
Q

What causes the sound heard with murmurs in the heart?

A

Turbulent blood flow

36
Q

What are the causes of turbulent blood flow in the heart?

A

Valve stenosis, valve insufficiency/valve regurgitation

37
Q

When can the murmur be heard in cases of aortic stenosis?

A

During systole between S1 and S2

38
Q

When can the murmur be heard in cases of mitral incompetence/regurgitation?

A

Throughout systole

39
Q

When can the murmur be heard in cases of aortic incompetence/regurgitation?

A

Early in diastole

40
Q

What are the 4 key components of a Wiggers Diagram?

A

Pressures, Volumes, ECG, sounds

ELM2 - cardiovascular (21 decks)

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