lecture 4 - anatomy of heart

Question 1

What is the praecordium

Answer 1

The area of the anterior chest wall over the heart

Question 2

What is the left lateral, vertical boundary of the praecordium?

Answer 2

The midclavicular line

Question 3

What is the location of the inferior, left margin (corner) of the parecordium?

Answer 3

L5icsmcl - Left, 5th intercostal space, midclavicular line

Question 4

What is the location of the inferior, right margin (corner) of the parecordium?

Answer 4

4icsRSE - 4th intercostal space, (1cm) from right sternal edge

Question 5

What is the criteria for diagnosis of an enlarged heart on a frontal view chest xray?

Answer 5

Heart is greater than 50% of lateral distance of the diaphragm, when xray taken on inspiration.

Question 6

What are the 2 sinuses of the pericardial sac?

Answer 6

Transverse pericardial sinus, Oblique pericardial sinus

Question 7

Which of the pericardial sinuses is superior?

Answer 7

Transverse pericardial sinus is superior to the oblique pericardial sinus.

Question 8

What does the transverse pericardial sinus separate?

Answer 8

The pulmonary arteries and veins

Question 9

What is the smooth area of the inside of the right atrium called?

Answer 9

Sinus of venae cavae

Question 10

What is the non-smooth area of the inside of the right atrium lined with?

Answer 10

Musculi pectinati - Pectinate muscles

Question 11

What are the musculi pectinati/ pectinate muscles?

Answer 11

Bands of the myocardium that produce a visible pattern on the inside of heart chambers

Question 12

What is the structure that acts as a point of fusion for the smooth and pectinate areas of the right atrium?

Answer 12

Crista terminalis

Question 13

What is the fossa ovalis?

Answer 13

A closed over embryological foramen in the right atrium that once connected the left and right atria.

Question 14

What is the name for the area of the right atrium that is lined with pectinate muscles?

Answer 14

Atrium proper

Question 15

What are the names of the cusps of the tricuspid valve?

Answer 15

Anterior cusp, septal cusp, posterior cusp

Question 16

What are the names of the leaflets of the pulmonary valve?

Answer 16

Anterior semilunar cusp, right semilunar cusp, left semilunar cusp

Question 17

What is the most anterior of the outflow arteries of the heart?

Answer 17

Pulmonary trunk

Question 18

What is the name for the cone shaped pouch of the right ventricle?

Answer 18

Conus arteriosus/infundibulum

Question 19

What is the name of the pouch found in the right atrium?

Answer 19

Right auricle

Question 20

What are the 3 key types of papillary muscles in the right atrium?

Answer 20

Anterior, posterior, septal

Question 21

What connect the leaflets and chordae tendinae to the chamber wall?

Answer 21

Papillary muscles

Question 22

What connects the papillary muscles to the leaflets?

Answer 22

Chordae tendineae

Question 23

What is the most anterior part of the heart?

Answer 23

Right ventricle

Question 24

What is the name for the muscular structures that line the ventricles?

Answer 24

Trabeculae carneae

Question 25

What is the name for the portion of left ventricle immediately below the aortic orifice?

Answer 25

Aortic vestibule/LV outflow tract

Question 26

What are the names of the cusps of the aortic valve?

Answer 26

Left cusp, right cusp, posterior cusp

Question 27

What are the names of the cusps of the mitral valve?

Answer 27

Anterior cusp, posterior cusp

Question 28

What is the most anterior heart valve?

Answer 28

Pulmonary valve

Question 29

What structure joins the aortic and mitral valve?

Answer 29

Left fibrous trigone

Question 30

What are the 3 histological layers of a semilunar valve?

Answer 30

Lamina fibrosa (outer) , lamina spongiosa, lamina ventricularis (inner/ventricular side)

Question 31

What is the key structural feature of the lamina fibrosa of a heart valve?

Answer 31

Collagen-rich

Question 32

What is the key structural feature of the lamina ventricularis?

Answer 32

Elastin-rich

Question 33

Where does the coronary sinus drain to?

Answer 33

The right atrium

Question 34

What is the function of the cardiac sinus?

Answer 34

Venous drainage of cardiac veins into the right atrium

Question 35

What are the 2 key branches of the Left Coronary Artery?

Answer 35

Left anterior descending coronary artery, left circumflex artery

Question 36

What are the 2 possible patterns of coronary arteries that humans can have on their heart?

Answer 36

Left dominant, right dominant

Question 37

What is the most common type of coronary artery dominance?

Answer 37

Right dominance

Question 38

Where do the left and right coronary arteries arise?

Answer 38

The aorta

Question 39

What is the location of the origin of the Left coronary artery?

Answer 39

Just superior to the left cusp of the aortic valve

Question 40

What is the location of the origin of the Right coronary artery?

Answer 40

Just superior to the right cusp of the aortic valve

Question 41

What are the 2 types of node involved in the conduction system of the heart?

Answer 41

Sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node

Question 42

What connects the SA and AV nodes?

Answer 42

Internodal pathways

Question 43

What structures facilitate conduction to the ventricles from the AV node?

Answer 43

AV bundle/Bundle of His, which then splits into the right and left bundle branches

Question 44

What are the terminal fibres of the conduction system of the heart?

Answer 44

Purkinje fibres

Question 45

What are the features of conduction cells in the heart?

Answer 45

Some peripheral myofibrils, central nucleus, mitochrondria

Question 46

Why do cardiac conduction cells have some peripheral myocytes?

Answer 46

They are derived from cardiomyocytes, which once had contractile functions

Question 47

What is the relative size of conduction cells vs cardiomyocytes?

Answer 47

Conduction cells are larger

Question 48

What type of junction is found between conduction cells?

Answer 48

Gap junctions