lecture 14 - lipoproteins: CVD risk factors Flashcards

1
Q

Which lipoprotein increases the risk of heart disease?

A

LDL - low density lipoprotein

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2
Q

What are the atherogenic properties of LDL?

A
  • Has a high affinity to arterial wall (binds to proteoglycans)
  • lipids oxidise easily which promotes inflammation then thrombosis
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3
Q

Which cell type becomes foam cells in an atherosclerotic plaque?

A

Macrophages

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4
Q

What are some of the current interventions for reducing LDL?

A

Diet, statins, weight loss, exercise

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5
Q

What is the enzyme targeted by statins?

A

HMG CoA reductase inhibitors

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6
Q

What are the 2 key ways that statins reduce LDL cholesterol levels?

A

Lower cholesterol synthesis, upregulate LDL receptor

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7
Q

Why do statins not work to treat patients with Familial Hyperchoelsterolaemia?

A

Statins upregulate LDL receptors, but patients with FH have defective receptors so this doesn’t work

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8
Q

What is Lipoprotein(a)?

A

A lipoprotein that is essentially modified LDL, and has similar atherogenic effects.

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9
Q

If a patient has genetically elevated Lp(a) levels, is their risk of CVD elevated or reduced?

A

Elevated

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10
Q

What are the 2 reasons that Lp(a) is a risk factor for CVD?

A

It is atherogenic, and immunogenic (promotes inflammation)

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11
Q

Can statins be used to treat high Lp(a) levels?

A

No - Lp(a) does not respond to LDL receptors in the same way.

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12
Q

What are some of the genetic causes of low HDL?

A

Familial hypoalphalipoporoteinamia, Tangiers Disease

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13
Q

What medical conditions can cause secondary low HDL levels?

A

Liver disease, TII Diabetes

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14
Q

What is Tangier Disease?

A

A genetic disease where there is a deficiency of HDL, due to mutations in the ABCA1 cholesterol transporter.

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15
Q

What are the manifestations of Tangier Disease?

A

Orange tonsils, low HDL, peripheral neuropathy, premature heart disease

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