Lecture 5- Brain anatomy Flashcards
What is a protein receptor?
A protein that is sensitive to and capable of communicating some signal. Receptors are either Ionotropic or metabotropic.
What is a G protein?
A g protein symbolizes that the proteins use GTP molecules instead of ATP molecules to perform chemical reactions.
How do G proteins switch ON an OFF?
-When a protein is bound to GTP, is ON (activated as it can produce chemical reactions)
-When the G protein converts GTP to GDP, the protein is OFF (inactive)
What are G protein gated ion channels?
Ion channels that are gated by g proteins, using GTP molecule for energy.
What are the 3 steps of a metabotropic GPCR receptor that causes an ion channel opening:
- Neurotransmitter binds to a metabotropic receptor
- Activated G proteins transmit the message intracellularly.
- Some ion channels are gated by activated g proteins
Where can synapses form? (4)
- dendrites
- dentritic spines
- the soma (cell body)
= these 3 cause action potential - Other axon terminals
What do axoaxonic synapses do?
They regulate the amount of neurotransmitters that the second neuron will release when it has action potential.
What is a presynaptic inhibition?
Axoxonic synapse can hyperpolarize the axon terminal so that the voltage gated calcium channels will not open when the action potential arrives.
(nono calcium)
What is presynaptic facilitation?
Axoaxonic synaps can depolarize the axon terminal, so that its voltage gated calcium channels open when action potential arrives.
(yesyes calcium)
What is an autoreceptor, where is it located?
They are generally … and …
A receptor located in presynaptic membrane that gets activated when the cell releases its own neurotransmitter.
Metabotropic and inhibitory.
Describe the locations of
Anterior, posterior, superior, inferior
Anterior: in front
Posterior: behind
Superior: above
Inferior: below
Describe the locations of
Rostral, Caudal, Dorsal, Ventral
Rostral: beak
Caudal: tail
Dorsal: back
Ventral: belly
What is lateral and medial?
Lateral: away from midline
Medial: towards the midline
Name the 3 planes of the brain and the placements of their cuts:
Transverse plane: in half, side to side from top
Sagittal plane: in half, front to back
Horizontal plane: in half, side to side, from middle
What is contralateral? and Ipsilateral?
Contralateral: structures on the opposite side of the body
Ipsilateral: Structures on the same side of the body.
What is superficial? What is deep?
Superficial: Close to the surface/exterior
Deep: far from surface/ interior
What is proximal? What is Distal?
Proximal: nearby
Distal: far away
Name the 2 parts of the nervous system and what they present:
- Central nervous system (CNS): Everything in brain and spinal cord
- Peripheral nervous system (PNS): Any part of the nervous system outside brain and spinal cord.
In the central nervous system myelin is created by:
In the peripheral nervous system myelin is created by:
CNS: Oligodendrocytes
PNS: Schwann Cells
What is a blood brain barrier? What is cerebrospinal fluid?
Blood brain barrier: A semipermeable barrier between the blood and the brain.
CSF: extracellular solution by picking out things from the blood thats prevents blood leaking out.
Name the 3 types of meninges and which layer they present:
- Dura mater: thick outer layer
- Arachnoid membrane: soft spongy middle layer
- Pia mater: closest to brain with blood vessels.
What is choroid plexus?
A tissue that is found in each of the brain ventricles
Name the 4 types of brain ventricles:
-Lateral ventricles (2 of them)
-Third ventricle
-Fourth ventricle
-Cerebral aqueduct
What is interneuron and projection neuron? (CNS)
Inter: only used for CNS neurons whose axons stay local
Project: used when the axon of cell goes outside the area where its soma is located.
What are motor neurons (efferent fibers) and sensory neurons (afferent fibers)?
-Efferent fibers: fibers that bring information away from CNS. Motor neurons control motor contractions and gland secretions.
Afferent fibers: fibers that bring info towards CNS. Sensory neurons detect changes in the external and internal environment.
Explain how the nervous system divides
Nervous system=
Central> brain and spinal > Cranial and spinal nerves
Peripheral> Nerves, axon bundles
