Lecture 5- Brain anatomy

Question 1

What is a protein receptor?

Answer 1

A protein that is sensitive to and capable of communicating some signal. Receptors are either Ionotropic or metabotropic.

Question 2

What is a G protein?

Answer 2

A g protein symbolizes that the proteins use GTP molecules instead of ATP molecules to perform chemical reactions.

Question 3

How do G proteins switch ON an OFF?

Answer 3

-When a protein is bound to GTP, is ON (activated as it can produce chemical reactions)

-When the G protein converts GTP to GDP, the protein is OFF (inactive)

Question 4

What are G protein gated ion channels?

Answer 4

Ion channels that are gated by g proteins, using GTP molecule for energy.

Question 5

What are the 3 steps of a metabotropic GPCR receptor that causes an ion channel opening:

Answer 5

1. Neurotransmitter binds to a metabotropic receptor
2. Activated G proteins transmit the message intracellularly.
3. Some ion channels are gated by activated g proteins

Question 6

Where can synapses form? (4)

Answer 6

1. dendrites
2. dentritic spines
3. the soma (cell body)
   = these 3 cause action potential
4. Other axon terminals

Question 7

What do axoaxonic synapses do?

Answer 7

They regulate the amount of neurotransmitters that the second neuron will release when it has action potential.

Question 8

What is a presynaptic inhibition?

Answer 8

Axoxonic synapse can hyperpolarize the axon terminal so that the voltage gated calcium channels will not open when the action potential arrives.

(nono calcium)

Question 9

What is presynaptic facilitation?

Answer 9

Axoaxonic synaps can depolarize the axon terminal, so that its voltage gated calcium channels open when action potential arrives.

(yesyes calcium)

Question 10

What is an autoreceptor, where is it located?

They are generally … and …

Answer 10

A receptor located in presynaptic membrane that gets activated when the cell releases its own neurotransmitter.

Metabotropic and inhibitory.

Question 11

Describe the locations of
Anterior, posterior, superior, inferior

Answer 11

Anterior: in front
Posterior: behind
Superior: above
Inferior: below

Question 12

Describe the locations of
Rostral, Caudal, Dorsal, Ventral

Answer 12

Rostral: beak
Caudal: tail
Dorsal: back
Ventral: belly

Question 13

What is lateral and medial?

Answer 13

Lateral: away from midline
Medial: towards the midline

Question 14

Name the 3 planes of the brain and the placements of their cuts:

Answer 14

Transverse plane: in half, side to side from top
Sagittal plane: in half, front to back
Horizontal plane: in half, side to side, from middle

Question 15

What is contralateral? and Ipsilateral?

Answer 15

Contralateral: structures on the opposite side of the body

Ipsilateral: Structures on the same side of the body.

Question 16

What is superficial? What is deep?

Answer 16

Superficial: Close to the surface/exterior
Deep: far from surface/ interior

Question 17

What is proximal? What is Distal?

Answer 17

Proximal: nearby
Distal: far away

Question 18

Name the 2 parts of the nervous system and what they present:

Answer 18

1. Central nervous system (CNS): Everything in brain and spinal cord
2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS): Any part of the nervous system outside brain and spinal cord.

Question 19

In the central nervous system myelin is created by:

In the peripheral nervous system myelin is created by:

Answer 19

CNS: Oligodendrocytes

PNS: Schwann Cells

Question 20

What is a blood brain barrier? What is cerebrospinal fluid?

Answer 20

Blood brain barrier: A semipermeable barrier between the blood and the brain.

CSF: extracellular solution by picking out things from the blood thats prevents blood leaking out.

Question 21

Name the 3 types of meninges and which layer they present:

Answer 21

1. Dura mater: thick outer layer
2. Arachnoid membrane: soft spongy middle layer
3. Pia mater: closest to brain with blood vessels.

Question 22

What is choroid plexus?

Answer 22

A tissue that is found in each of the brain ventricles

Question 23

Name the 4 types of brain ventricles:

Answer 23

-Lateral ventricles (2 of them)
-Third ventricle
-Fourth ventricle
-Cerebral aqueduct

Question 24

What is interneuron and projection neuron? (CNS)

Answer 24

Inter: only used for CNS neurons whose axons stay local

Project: used when the axon of cell goes outside the area where its soma is located.

Question 25

What are motor neurons (efferent fibers) and sensory neurons (afferent fibers)?

Answer 25

-Efferent fibers: fibers that bring information away from CNS. Motor neurons control motor contractions and gland secretions.

Afferent fibers: fibers that bring info towards CNS. Sensory neurons detect changes in the external and internal environment.

Question 26

Explain how the nervous system divides

Answer 26

Nervous system=
Central> brain and spinal > Cranial and spinal nerves

Peripheral> Nerves, axon bundles