Lecture 5 Biological Basis of Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain, spinal cord, optic nerve, retina

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, autonomic nervous system, somatic nervous system

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3
Q

Neuron (Nerve cells)

A

The basic cell of the nervous system; High demand for glucose and oxygen, no metabolic reserve

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4
Q

Neuron components

A

cell body, dendrite, axon

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5
Q

Glial cells (glia)

A

Non-neuronal brain cells that provide structural, nutritional support to the brain

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6
Q

Soma (cell body)

A

Contains dendrites and is connected to the axon via axon hillock. Performs macromolecule synthesis and integrate electrical signals

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7
Q

Dendrites

A

Tapered extensions of the cell body; collects information from other neurons’ axonal terminals

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8
Q

Axon

A

Cylindrical body, can be myelinated or unmyelinated; conducts information to other neurons

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9
Q

Axon terminals

A

Small swellings that are found at the terminal ends of axons; transmits information to other neurons

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10
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Glial cell; increases connection and transmission speed

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11
Q

Synaptic vesicle

A

spherical sac containing neurotransmitters

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12
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

the chemical released from the synaptic axon terminal that serves as the basis for communication between neurons

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13
Q

Synapse

A

An intercellular site where fast, highly localized transmission of chemical and electrical signals occur; includes: pre-synaptic and post-synaptic terminals and the synaptic cleft

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14
Q

Types of neurons

A

Unipolar, Bipolar, Multipolar

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15
Q

Resting potential

A

-70 millivolts across the neural membrane when not being stimulated

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16
Q

Depolarization

A

Reduction of a membrane’s potential so that it becomes less negative

17
Q

Action potential

A

Electrical impulse that travels down the axon triggering the release of neurotransmitters

18
Q

Threshold

A

-55 millivolts; When Na+ concentration is high enough to reach threshold voltage, depolarization occurs

19
Q

Repolarization

A

Na+ channels close, K+ channels open K+ efflux down electro-chemical gradient

20
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

“Overshoot” of repolarization

21
Q

Refractory period

A

Time during which another action potential is impossible; limits the maximal firing rate of the neuron. Too much K+ is released

22
Q

Post-synaptic potential (PSP)

A

A voltage change at a receptor site on a postsynaptic (-70mV –> -55mV)

23
Q

Inhibitory PSP

A

A negative voltage shift that decreases the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will fire action potentials

24
Q

Excitatory PSP

A

A negative voltage shift that increases the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will fire action potentials

25
Q

Reuptake

A

Reabsorption of neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft by the presynaptic membrane

26
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

A signaling molecule secreted by a neuron or a glial cell to affect another cell across a synapse

27
Q

Amino acids

A

Glutamate, Aspartate, Glycine, GABA

28
Q

Monoamines

A

Dopamine, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Serotonin

29
Q

Acetylcholine (group)

A

Acetylcholine

30
Q

Unconventional neurotransmitters

A

Nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, Anandamide

31
Q

Neural plasticity

A

the ability of neural networks in the brain to change through growth and reorganization in response to stimuli

32
Q

Neural plasticity steps of development

A

Growth of dendrites and axons, synaptogenesis, pruning, myelination

33
Q

Stem cell

A

A cell which has the capacity to differentiate into a specialized cell

34
Q

Neurogenesis

A

Creations of new neurons in the adult brain

35
Q

Meninges

A

Three protective membranes that cover the brain and the spinal cord; Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater