Lecture 12 - Emotion and Motivation

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

The wants or needs that direct behaviour toward a goal

Question 2

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 2

Motivation arising from internal factors

Question 3

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 3

Motivation arising from external factors

Question 4

Overjustification Effect

Answer 4

Intrinsic motivation diminishes due to extrinsic motivation being given

Question 5

Instinct

Answer 5

A species specific pattern of behaviour that is not learned

Question 6

Drive theory of Motivation

Answer 6

Deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs, which drives behaviour to meet the need which returns the system to homeostasis

Question 7

Habit

Answer 7

A pattern of behaviour in which we regularly engage

Question 8

Yerkes-Dodson law

Answer 8

A simple task is best performed when arousal levels are relatively high

A complex task is best performed when arousal levels are lower

Question 9

Self-efficacy

Answer 9

An individuals belief in her own capability to complete a task

Question 10

Social motives

Answer 10

The need for achievement, affiliation and intimacy; need for achievement

Question 11

Maslow’s hierarchy of Needs

Answer 11

A spectrum of motives ranging from the biological to the individual to the social

Question 12

Levels of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 12

1. Physiological 2. Security 3. Social 4. Esteem 5. Self-actualization

Question 13

Satiation

Answer 13

A feeling of fullness after hunger is satisfied

Question 14

Process of satiation

Answer 14

Blood glucose levels increase
Liver and gastrointestinal tract sends satiety signals to the brain to shut off hunger
Fat cells release leptin - satiety hormone

Question 15

Metabolic rate

Answer 15

The amount of energy expended in a given period of time

Question 16

Set-point theory

Answer 16

Each individual has an ideal body weight which is resistant to change. It is genetically predetermined; resisted by compensatory changes in energy intake and/or expenditure

Question 17

Obesity

Answer 17

An individual highs more them what is generally accepted as healthy for a given height they are considered overweight or obese

Overweight : BMI = 25-29.9
Obese : BMI = 30 >
Morbid obesity : BMI = 40 >

Question 18

Bulimia nervosa

Answer 18

Binge eating disorder where the individual tries to compensate for the large amount of food by purging, extreme exercise, laxatives etc

Question 19

Anorexia nervosa

Answer 19

An eating disorder characterized by the maintenance of extremely low body weight through starvation and or excessive exercise. Often accompanied by body dysmorphia

Question 20

Dr. Alfred Kinsey

Answer 20

He revolutionized the conversation on human sexuality and sexual behaviour/motivation

Question 21

Sexual orientation

Answer 21

An individuals emotional and erotic attractions

Question 22

Sexual response cycle

Answer 22

Excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

Question 23

Excitement phase

Answer 23

Arousal; errection of the penis/ clitoris, lubrication and expansion of the vaginal canal

Question 24

Plateau phase

Answer 24

Further swelling and stretching of the vagina; increased blood flow to the labia minora

Full penile erection and often exhibit pre-ejaculatory fluid

Increase in muscle tone

Question 25

Orgasm phase

Answer 25

Women: rhythmic contractions of the pelvis and uterus, muscle tension

Men: pelvic contractions, build up of seminal fluid near the urethra which is then expelled by genetic muscle contractions

Question 26

Resolution phase

Answer 26

Relatively rapid return to an unaroused state;decreased blood pressure, muscular relaxation

Question 27

Refractory period

Answer 27

Period of time following an orgasm where an individual cannot experience another orgasm

Question 28

Gender identity

Answer 28

One’s sense of being male or female; corresponds to chromosomal and phenotypic sex

Question 29

Gender dysphoria

Answer 29

A mental disorder that describes individuals who do not identify or the gender that most people would assume they are; must persist for at least 6 months and result in significant distress

Question 30

Emotion

Answer 30

A subjective state of being that we often describe as our feelings. Result from the combination of subjective experience, expression,cognitive appraisal and physiological responses

Question 31

Emotional expression

Answer 31

Refers to the way one displays an emotion and includes non-verbal and verbal behaviours

Question 32

Mood

Answer 32

Prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience

Question 33

Components of emotion

Answer 33

Combinations of physiological arousal, psychological appraisal and experiences that interact with each other

Question 34

James-Lange theory

Answer 34

Emotions arise from physiological arousal

Question 35

Cannon-Bard theory

Answer 35

Physiological and emotional arousal occur simultaneously, yet independently

Question 36

Schachtersinger two-factor theory

Answer 36

Emotions are composed of two factors: physiological and cognitive. Physiological arousal is interpreted in context to produce the emotional experience

Question 37

Appraisal theory

Answer 37

An individual experiences thoughts (cognitive appraisal) before experiencing an emotion

Question 38

Polygraph

Answer 38

Measures the physiological arousal of an individual responding to a series of questions

Question 39

Cognitive-mediational theory

Answer 39

Emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus