Lecture 12 - Emotion and Motivation Flashcards
Motivation
The wants or needs that direct behaviour toward a goal
Intrinsic motivation
Motivation arising from internal factors
Extrinsic motivation
Motivation arising from external factors
Overjustification Effect
Intrinsic motivation diminishes due to extrinsic motivation being given
Instinct
A species specific pattern of behaviour that is not learned
Drive theory of Motivation
Deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs, which drives behaviour to meet the need which returns the system to homeostasis
Habit
A pattern of behaviour in which we regularly engage
Yerkes-Dodson law
A simple task is best performed when arousal levels are relatively high
A complex task is best performed when arousal levels are lower
Self-efficacy
An individuals belief in her own capability to complete a task
Social motives
The need for achievement, affiliation and intimacy; need for achievement
Maslow’s hierarchy of Needs
A spectrum of motives ranging from the biological to the individual to the social
Levels of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
- Physiological 2. Security 3. Social 4. Esteem 5. Self-actualization
Satiation
A feeling of fullness after hunger is satisfied
Process of satiation
Blood glucose levels increase
Liver and gastrointestinal tract sends satiety signals to the brain to shut off hunger
Fat cells release leptin - satiety hormone
Metabolic rate
The amount of energy expended in a given period of time
Set-point theory
Each individual has an ideal body weight which is resistant to change. It is genetically predetermined; resisted by compensatory changes in energy intake and/or expenditure
Obesity
An individual highs more them what is generally accepted as healthy for a given height they are considered overweight or obese
Overweight : BMI = 25-29.9
Obese : BMI = 30 >
Morbid obesity : BMI = 40 >
Bulimia nervosa
Binge eating disorder where the individual tries to compensate for the large amount of food by purging, extreme exercise, laxatives etc
Anorexia nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by the maintenance of extremely low body weight through starvation and or excessive exercise. Often accompanied by body dysmorphia
Dr. Alfred Kinsey
He revolutionized the conversation on human sexuality and sexual behaviour/motivation
Sexual orientation
An individuals emotional and erotic attractions
Sexual response cycle
Excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
Excitement phase
Arousal; errection of the penis/ clitoris, lubrication and expansion of the vaginal canal
Plateau phase
Further swelling and stretching of the vagina; increased blood flow to the labia minora
Full penile erection and often exhibit pre-ejaculatory fluid
Increase in muscle tone
Orgasm phase
Women: rhythmic contractions of the pelvis and uterus, muscle tension
Men: pelvic contractions, build up of seminal fluid near the urethra which is then expelled by genetic muscle contractions
Resolution phase
Relatively rapid return to an unaroused state;decreased blood pressure, muscular relaxation
Refractory period
Period of time following an orgasm where an individual cannot experience another orgasm
Gender identity
One’s sense of being male or female; corresponds to chromosomal and phenotypic sex
Gender dysphoria
A mental disorder that describes individuals who do not identify or the gender that most people would assume they are; must persist for at least 6 months and result in significant distress
Emotion
A subjective state of being that we often describe as our feelings. Result from the combination of subjective experience, expression,cognitive appraisal and physiological responses
Emotional expression
Refers to the way one displays an emotion and includes non-verbal and verbal behaviours
Mood
Prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience
Components of emotion
Combinations of physiological arousal, psychological appraisal and experiences that interact with each other
James-Lange theory
Emotions arise from physiological arousal
Cannon-Bard theory
Physiological and emotional arousal occur simultaneously, yet independently
Schachtersinger two-factor theory
Emotions are composed of two factors: physiological and cognitive. Physiological arousal is interpreted in context to produce the emotional experience
Appraisal theory
An individual experiences thoughts (cognitive appraisal) before experiencing an emotion
Polygraph
Measures the physiological arousal of an individual responding to a series of questions
Cognitive-mediational theory
Emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus
