Lecture 2 - Science and Measurement Flashcards

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1
Q

Scientific method

A

The means by which scientists validate their opinions, hypotheses, theories etc.

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2
Q

Procedure of Scientific method

A
  1. Identify question of interest
  2. Collect relevant information and formulate a testable hypothesis
  3. Design a study where hypothesis can be tested
  4. Analyze data; make tentative conclusions
  5. Report findings
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3
Q

Falsifiability

A

An experimental circumstance that can falsify your data; potential to disprove

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4
Q

Deductive argument

A

An argument that relies on valid premises in order for an argument to be deduced (from those premises) –>

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5
Q

Inductive argument

A

An argument based on past or present evidence is used to infer premises about the future –> estimating, generalizing

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6
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Used in science to produce theories, can never prove inductive conclusions

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7
Q

Evidence

A

Something used to disprove scientific findings

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8
Q

Fact

A

An observation about the world

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9
Q

Hypothesis

A

A thought that is testable

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10
Q

Theory

A

A collection of true hypotheses that are conclusive

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11
Q

Law

A

A detailed description of how something happens (pure mechanics, no explanation)

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12
Q

Dependent variable

A

Chosen variable that’s being studied

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13
Q

Independent variable

A

Variable being changed

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14
Q

Measurement

A

A description of the variable in terms of the operations used to establish or measure that variable

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15
Q

Variable (extra)

A

An element that is subject to change; can be more than one measurement, represented by one description

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16
Q

Histogram

A

A graph that can represent a variable with more than one data inputs

17
Q

Density plot

A

Shows where the most common data points are

18
Q

Probability distribution

A

A math equation that gives the probabilities of occurrence of different possible outcomes for an experiment

19
Q

Central tendency

A

The most typical value of a data set

20
Q

Mode

A

The value that occurs with the greatest frequency

21
Q

Median

A

The middle number in an ordered set

22
Q

Normal distribution

A

Values tend to focus on a central point, creating a bell curve

23
Q

Negative skew

A

Skewed left; long tail points left

24
Q

Positive skew

A

Skewed right; long tail points right

25
Q

Descriptive research

A

Describes only observational data; cannot determine causation

26
Q

Correlational research

A

Looks for relationships between variables; tries to make generalizations

27
Q

Experimental research

A

Manipulates variables in a controlled manner to isolate the cause of the phenomena

28
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Recording real-world settings without manipulation

29
Q

External validity

A

The extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings

30
Q

Case studies

A

Research that examines one or a selected few individuals over an extended amount of time

31
Q

Random sampling

A

a procedure that ensures that everyone has an equal chance of being chosen to participate

32
Q

Validity

A

The extent to which a measure assesses what it claims to measure

33
Q

Correlational designs

A

Used to examine the relationship between variables

34
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

A measure of the degree to which two variables are related (denoted as “ r “). Has a value between - 1 and 1