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Medical Microbiology > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does “staphyle” mean in Greek?

A

bunch of grapes

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2
Q

What does coccus mean in latin?

A

berry-shaped

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3
Q

What are characteristics of staphylococcus?

A

gram+, grape-like morphology, 1 µm in diameter, resitant to drying, no endospores, catalase+

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4
Q

Where is staphylococcus found?

A

human microbiota

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5
Q

How many different diseases can staphylococcus bacteria cause?

A

many different diseases = produce many toxins

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6
Q

About how many different staphylococcus species are there and which 3 do we need to know?

A

~40; S. aureus, S, epidermidis, S. saprophyticus

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7
Q

What does “aureus” mean?

A

golden

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8
Q

What does “epidermidis” mean?

A

outer skin

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9
Q

What does “sapros” and “phyton” mean?

A

rotten and plant

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10
Q

Which type of bacteria tend to be more resistant to dry conditions?

A

gram+

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11
Q

What is the best way to differentiate between a staphylococcus and a streptococcus?

A

catalase test; streptococcus = negative

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12
Q

What does “toxinoses” mean?

A

damage caused by an exotoxin

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13
Q

What diseases does S.aureus cause?

A

septicemia, bacteremia and different diseases depending on the site

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14
Q

What diseases does S. epidermidis cause?

A

endocarditis, implant-related inections

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15
Q

What disease does S. saprophyticus cause?

A

UTI

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16
Q

Which of the 3 staphylococcus species is resistant to novobiocin?

A

S. saprophyticus

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17
Q

Which of the 3 staphylococcus species is susceptible to novobiocin but is negative for coagulase?

A

S. epidermidis

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18
Q

Which of the 3 staphylococcus species has a yellow colony color?

A

S. aureus

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19
Q

When was S. aureus first identified?

A

1880

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20
Q

What are some characteristics of S. aureus?

A

non-motile, survives on fomites, found in 30% healthy people, can be transmitted via aerosols or direct contact

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21
Q

Where on the human microbiota would you find S. aureus?

A

nose and skin

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22
Q

What is the “main reservoir”?

A

human microbiota

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23
Q

What are the types of diseases caused by S. aureus?

A

impetigo/boils/scalded skin syndrome; abscess; TSS (toxic shock syndrome); scepticemia, pneumonia, food-bourne illness, bone infection, plastic implants infection

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24
Q

What are some examples of S.aureus mediated diseases?

A

eye stye; bacterial infection after surgery; wound infections (from WWII)

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25
Q

What is the Ritter disease?

A

Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome || condition that has to do with the skin, exfoliative dermatitis

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26
Q

In what patients is Ritter disease common in?

A

kids and immuno-compromised adults

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27
Q

How does the Ritter disease begin to proliferate?

A

site of infection dictates where the bacteria entered the host

28
Q

What is the mortality rate of this disease?

A

less that 5% kids and about 60% in immuno-compromised adults

29
Q

What are the 2 types of Ritter disease?

A

generalized (all over) and localized (bullus impetigo)

30
Q

What is exfoliative dermatitis?

A

redness/inflammation around mouth = spreads throughout body and blisters

31
Q

What is the recovery time for Ritter’s disease?

A

7-10 days

32
Q

What toxin causes Ritter disease?

A

exfoliative toxins (ETA and ETB)

33
Q

When was the first outbreak of toxic shock syndrome (TSS) and what happened?

A

1928 in australia | vacccines were accidentally contaminated with S.aureus = got into bloodstream of kids = caused infection and death

34
Q

What toxin does S.aureus produce to cause TSS? What type of toxin is it?

A

toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1); superantigen toxin

35
Q

What kind of disease is TSS?

A

recurrent = can’t develop protective a = immunity against the condition

36
Q

How can a woman get TSS?

A

use not 100% hyper-absorbent tampons ; toxin produced in the vagina and enters into bloodstream = many organs can get infected = death

37
Q

Where does staphylococcal food poisoning occur?

A

GI tract

38
Q

How does staphylococcal food poisoning occur?

A

person prepping food contaminates it (by not washing hands, etc) = S.aureus grows and produces toxin on food = food posioning

39
Q

What toxins cause staphylococcal food posioning?

A

staphylococcal enterotoxins

40
Q

What are the most commonly contaminated food?

A

processed meats, custard-filled pastries, potato salad, ice cream

41
Q

Symptoms of staphylococcal food posioning?

A

severe vomiting, watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea

42
Q

What are cutaneous staphylococcal infections?

A

localized pyogenic staphylococcal infections

43
Q

4 types of cutaneous staphylococcal infections?

A

imetigo, folliculitis, boils, carbuncles

44
Q

What is impetigo?

A

localzed cutaneous infection characterized by pus-filled vesicles

45
Q

What is folliculitis?

A

impetigo involving hair follicles

46
Q

What are boils?

A

large, painful, pus-filled cutaneous nodules

47
Q

What are carbuncles?

A

when boils extend to deeper subcutaneous tissue

48
Q

What does MSCRAMM adhesin stand for?

A

microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecule

49
Q

What does MSCRAMM do?

A

bind to ECM proteins like collagen and fibronectin

50
Q

How can a capsule act as a virulence factor?

A

inhibits phagocytosis, protects from hsot cell immune defenses

51
Q

How can peptidoglycan act as a virulence factor?

A

endotoxin-like activity and contributes to inflammation, pieces of murein will act as endotoxin when bacteria dies

52
Q

How can teichoic acids act as a virulence factor?

A

contribute to inflammation and binding to mucosal cells

53
Q

How can Protein A act as a virulence factor?

A

sort of nan adhesion that binds to areas on the body at Fc terminus of IgG antibodies

54
Q

What can you use to identify a microbe?

A

biochemical assays

55
Q

What is current for vaccines against S. aureus?

A

currently under development

56
Q

What antibiotics can we use against Staphylococcus species?

A

methicillin and vancomycin

57
Q

What are 2 antibiotic resistant strains of S. aureus?

A

methicillin-resistant and vancomycin-resistant

58
Q

What are methicillin-resistant S. aureus treated with?

A

vancomycin

59
Q

What are vancomycin-resistant S. aureus treated with?

A

new antimicrobials

60
Q

What are characteristics of S. epidermidis?

A

white colonies that are coagulase negative and forms biofilms on plastic, colony morphology = less grape-like

61
Q

Where are S. epidermidis found on in the body?

A

skin

62
Q

What are some diseases associated with S. epidermidis?

A

prosthetic-using patients (biofilm formation) and hospitalized patients; endocarditis

63
Q

What are the virulence factors associated with S. epidermidis?

A

LTA (lipoteichoic acid) and polysaccharide slime

64
Q

What are some characteristics of S. saprophyticus?

A

colonizes skin and vaginal tract

65
Q

What is the disease that S. saprophyticus is mostly associated with?

A

UTI

66
Q

What are the virulence factors associated with S. saprophyticus?

A

surface adhesin that binds to bladder cells

Medical Microbiology (20 decks)

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