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Medical Microbiology > Lecture 16 - Human retroviruses > Flashcards

Lecture 16 - Human retroviruses Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which countries/areas of the world have the highest prevalence of HIV-1 infections

A

Africa and Asia; 28% Africa

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2
Q

What 5 things make up the retrovirus structure

A

capsid, RNA, envelope glycoproteins, matrix proteins, reverse transcriptase

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3
Q

What are the 2 envelope glycoproteins of the retrovirus structure?

A

gp41 and gp120

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4
Q

What is a provirus?

A

genetic material of a virus

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5
Q

What are the 4 essential proteins?

A

gag, pro, pol, env

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6
Q

What are the 6 steps in the retrovirus replication cycle?

A

penetration, reverse transcriptase, integration to host DNA, transcription/translation, assembly, budding, release

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7
Q

What is the host receptor that HIV attaches to?

A

CD4

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8
Q

Which type of cells does HIV 99% replicate in?

A

uninfected CD4 lymphocytes

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9
Q

Which type of cells does HIV <1% replicate in?

A

macrophages and infected resting CD4 lymphocytes

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10
Q

Are HIV viruses lysogenic or lytic viruses? Why?

A

lysogenic, they can be latent

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11
Q

What is HTLV viruses?

A

human t-cell leukemia-lymphoma virus

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12
Q

Which HIV causes AIDS in Africa and has less infections?

A

HIV-2

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13
Q

Which HIV is the main causative agent of AIDS?

A

HIV-1

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14
Q

How many clinical categories of HIV infections are there?

A

3

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15
Q

Which clinical category of HIV infection includes asymptomatic patients as well as mildly symptomatic?

A

category A

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16
Q

Which clinical category of HIV infections includes severely infected persons and can lead to cancer?

A

category C

17
Q

What happens to a person infected with HIV for 2 years?

A

acute infection

18
Q

What happens to a person infected with HIV for 4 years?

A

asymptomatic infection

19
Q

Around what year of HIV infection will the infected individual experience Candidiasis (yeast infection)?

A

7 years

20
Q

What happens to a person infected with HIV for 12-16 years?

A

PCP, dementia, wasting and death

21
Q

What happens to the brain of a patient infected with AIDS?

A

destruction of brain tissue

22
Q

What are the 4 possible sites if inhibition of HIV replication?

A

fusion, reverse transcriptase, integrase, protease

23
Q

How was HIV infection identified as a viral infection?

A

blood bank filtered blood into the filter to give to hemophiliac patients who got infected with HIV = virus passed through the filter

24
Q

By 2010, how many people in the US were infected with AIDS and how many people died?

A

1 MIL infected; 500K died

25
Q

How many people worldwide are affected with AIDS and how many people died?

A

33 MIL infected ; 1.6-2.6 died

26
Q

What percentage of the US population is infected with AIDS?

A

0.5-1.2%

27
Q

What shape is the HIV virus?

A

icosahedral

28
Q

What gene is the proteins gp120 and gp 41 expressed on?

A

same gene but cleaved by protease

29
Q

What protein does gag gene encode for?

A

p17 protein in the matrix and capsid proteins too

30
Q

What proteins does pol gene encode for?

A

polymerase and reverse transcriptase

31
Q

How long does the provirus within the human chromosome?

A

years = latency

32
Q

How long does it take for HIV to replicate?

A

2.6 days

33
Q

Which HIV type causes 95% of AIDS infections?

A

95%

34
Q

How long does it take for a person to develop AIDS from an HIV infection?

A

10-16 years

35
Q

How many drugs must one use for later stages of HIV?

A

cocktail of 3

36
Q

Why are first antivirals only effective for a short time during initial stages of infection?

A

due to mutations

37
Q

Why are glycoproteins not used as a target?

A

hard to target

38
Q

What makes reverse transcriptase difficult to target?

A

has many errors or mutations

39
Q

What are the main sites of inhibition of HIV replication?

A

protease and reverse transcriptase

Medical Microbiology (20 decks)

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