Lecture 17 - Parasitology, Plasmodium sp., Malaria Flashcards
Which are the most commonly discussed parasites?
protozoa and helminhs
How many new cases/year of malaria?
200-300 million
How many deaths/year are due to malaria?
2-3 million
What are the 3 mechanisms of protozoal locomotion?
ameboid movement, flagellae, gliding motility (apicomplexa)
What is the mode of entry and exit for malaria?
both = insect bite
Are there any known vaccines to treat parasites?
not yet due to stages and forms; antibody response is low
What are 2 points of intervention in the human stage of the parasite life cycle?
chemoprophylaxis during maturation and other drugs during replication
What are 4 methods of intervention in the extra-human stage of the parasite life cycle?
bednets, insecticides, potable water, sanitation
Is plasmodium malariae a cosmopolitan or geographically restricted range of transmission?
geographically restricted
What is the reservoir of the plasmodium species?
infected humans
What is the mode of transmission of the plasmodium species?
vectorborne by the female Anopheles mosquito
What are the clinical manifestations of infections due to plasmodium species?
fever, chills, RBC lysis
What are the 2 stages in the life cycle of plasmodium species?
human and mosquito
What is the effect of hypoxia on parasite growth in Sickle Hemoglobin RBCs?
decrease in number of parasites because cannot live in hypoxic environments
What is hypoxia?
oxygen depletion
What are the 4 forms of Plasmodium species in blood cells?
gametocytes, schizont, trophozoite, early “ring” forms
Which plasmodium species trophozoite and schizont form is not seen in peripheral blood?
plasmodium falciparum
What is the trophozoite phase of Plasmodium species?
the activated stage, feeds off host, absorbs nutrients
What is the schizont phase of the Plasmodium species?
cell division stage of gametocytes
What are the 4 treatments against infections due to Plasmodium species
quinidine, chloroquine, coartem, malarone
What are parasites? Eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
eukaryotic, single cell organisms
What are helminhs?
eukaryotic multicellular worms, replicate outside of human host
In which type of individuals does malaria often occur?
malnourished African children
What 4 plasmodium protozoa species causes malaria in humans?
P. falciparium, P. ovale, P. vivax, P. malariae
What factor in countries such as the United States makes the occurrence of malaria rare despite the presence of the Anopheles mosquito?
temperate climate
Where in the mosquito does the sporozoite form of Plasmodium reside?
salivary glands of mosquito
Within 30 minutes of injection of the Plasmodia into the human via mosquito, which type of cells does it first infect?
liver cells
Where in the human body do Plasmodia mature? What is this cycle called?
hepatocellular cycle, matures in liver cells
What are protozoa?
eukaryotic, single-celled, multiple hosts, vectors, environments = complex lifestyles
What does “proto” and “zoa” mean?
first, animal
What are the 2 classifications of protozoans?
life cycle and movement/locomotion
Where does the parasite life cycle start in?
vector environment
What is the infection of malaria mostly occur to?
people who travel
What are the 3 types of transmission of Plasmodia?
blood-blood, vector, blood transfusion
Which bodily tissues or fluids are Plasmodia found?
blood and liver tissues
How many Plasmodia species causes malaria?
more than one, the others affect primates
Which treatment are Plasmodia resistant to?
chloroquinone
