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Medical Microbiology > Lecture 15 > Flashcards

Lecture 15 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What differentiates the 4 classes of bacteria?

A

cell envelope

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2
Q

What is the main function of the cell wall?

A

define shape

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3
Q

What is unique about Mycoplasmas that sets them apart from the other types of bacteria? What does this uniqueness mean?

A

no peptidoglycan cell wall = less defined shape/morphology

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4
Q

What are characteristics of mycoplasmas?

A

super small, no peptidoglycan cell wall, has cytoplasm and cytoplasmic membrane, can grow on lab media (no need tissue culture)

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5
Q

What are mycoplasmas also called?

A

Ureaplasma

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6
Q

What compensates the integrity of the plasmic membrane due to no cell wall? How do mycoplasmas obtain stability?

A

use sterols (uptake from host cells) to make membrane more stable and less fluid

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7
Q

What is the morphology of mycoplasmas?

A

no morphology because of undefined shape

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8
Q

What type of appearance do mycoplasma colonies have?

A

“fried egg” type of look

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9
Q

What is the rate of mycoplasma growth?

A

slow: 2-4 weeks

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10
Q

What tracts/parts of the body do mycoplasmas usually infect?

A

respiratory and genitourinary

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11
Q

Which Mycoplasma species is most/best studied?

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

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12
Q

What diseases does Mycoplasma pneumoniae cause?

A

tracheobronchitis, encephalitis, pneumonia (TEP)

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13
Q

What are some characteristics of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

A

respiratory mucosal surface bacterial pathogen ; could invade

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14
Q

What is the reservoir of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

A

only humans

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15
Q

What are the virulence factors of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

A

community-acquired respiratory distress syndrome (CARDS) toxin

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16
Q

What toxin does the CARDS toxin resemble as/closely related to?

A

pertussis toxin

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17
Q

What are methods to diagnose for Mycoplasma pneumoniae? (2)

A

PCR, antibody assays, chest x-rays

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18
Q

What are treatments against Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

A

erythromycin, tetracyclin, other antibiotics not targeting peptidoglycan

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19
Q

What are the antibiotics that target peptidoglycan cell wall?

A

vancomycin, bacitracin, cephalosporins, penicillin

20
Q

Define viruses.

A

obligate intracellular parasites – use host cell machinery to replicate

21
Q

What are viruses made up of?

A

nucelic acid core, protein capsid (nucleocapsid), (optional: envelope)

22
Q

What is the delivery system of the virus?

A

what the virus needs to interact with host cell to enter it

23
Q

What is the extracellular state and complete form of the virus?

A

virion

24
Q

What are capsomers?

A

subunits of protein to form capsid

25
Q

What shape can the viral genome be?

A

linear or circular

26
Q

What are the 2 morphological shapes can the virus take the form of? (the 2 common ones)

A

icosahedral and helical

27
Q

What kind of molecules do viruses synthesize in the host cell? (2 things)

A

proteins and nucleic acids — does not synthesize membrane

28
Q

Why would viruses need to use a membrane envelope? (2 reasons)

A

used to enter cells and hide from the immune system

29
Q

Why would an envelope virus not be able to infect a plant cell or a gram+ bacteria?

A

due to the plant cell wall

30
Q

What organisms can enveloped viruses infect?

A

gram– or mycoplasma bacteria and mammalian cells

31
Q

What criteria are used to classify viruses?

A

genomic makeup, morphological characteristics

32
Q

What are the 3 stages of viral replication?

A

extracellular (attachment/entry), intracellular (synthesis of macromolecules needed for assembly), assembly and exit

33
Q

How can we quantify the number of viral copies present in a cell or animal?

A

use viral titer to measure amount of virions

34
Q

In the viral titer, which stage yields the highest titer?

A

release step

35
Q

What are the 3 types of genes do viruses encode for?

A

early (immediate early), nucleic acid replication (early), late genes

36
Q

What are the 3 types of infection?

A

acute, chronic, latent

37
Q

What is the characteristic of an acute infection?

A

short period of time, short life cycle

38
Q

What is the characteristic of a chronic infection?

A

goes for a long period of time, starts as acute, long lifecycle

39
Q

What are the most common routes that viruses enter hosts?

A

respiratory, GI, transcutaneous, sexual

40
Q

What is an exogenous virus?

A

comes from environment

41
Q

What is an endogenous virus?

A

stays within the host for a long time, can get passed down, relates to latent infections

42
Q

What is transcutaneous?

A

bite from animal

43
Q

What are the common methods of spread and replication with viruses?

A

neurological system, bloodstream system, multiple pathways

44
Q

What are the diagnostic tests used to detect viruses with viral disease?

A

PCR, ELISA, antigen assays, tissue culture

45
Q

What are the 4 emerging viruses?

A

HIV, SARS, West Nile, Ebola

46
Q

What is latent infection?

A

lysogenic viruses stay dormant within host cells, causing diseases every so often, not all the time

Medical Microbiology (20 decks)

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