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Physiology Exam 1 Semester 1 > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an epimysium?

A

Connective tissue surrounding entire muscle

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2
Q

What is a muscle made up of?

A

Multiple fascicles

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3
Q

What is a perimysium?

A

Connective tissue surrounding individual fascicle

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4
Q

What is a fascicle made of?

A

Bundle of myofibers

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5
Q

What is an endomysium?

A

Delicate connective tissue around each myofiber

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6
Q

What is the sarcolemma?

A

Cell membrane of muscle fiber

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7
Q

What is the myofiber made of?

A

individual multinucleated muscle cells.

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8
Q

What is a myofibril made of?

A

A chain of sarcomeres within a myofiber

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9
Q

What is a myofilament made of?

A

Actin and myosin filaments that make up a sarcomere

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10
Q

Sarcolemma = ?

A

plasmalemma

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of Z discs

A

anchor actin filaments, located at each end of sarcomere

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of I bands?

A

composed entirely of actin, width changes during contraction

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of A band?

A

Composed of actin and myosin, width does not change during contraction

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of H band?

A

composed entirely of myosin, width changes during contraction

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15
Q

What does SERCA use and do?

A

Uses ATP to pump calcium back into the SR

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16
Q

What does calsequestrin do?

A

a. in the SR maintains an optimum calcium concentration gradient to facilitate return of calcium to SR.
i. Rounds up calcium ions so they don’t contribute too much calcium allowing SERCA not to work too hard.

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17
Q

What is DHP, where is it located and what does it do?

A

DHP= Dihydropyridine receptors.

i. Voltage sensitive L-type calcium channels arranged in quadruplets
ii. Located on the sarcolemma T-tubules
iii. Cause a conformational change in ryanodine receptors

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18
Q

What are Ryanodine receptors, where are they located and what does it do?

A

i. Located on the cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

ii. Open in response to conformational change in DHP receptors allowing calcium into the cytosol from SR

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19
Q

What is preload?

A

Load on a muscle in the relaxed state (before it contracts)

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20
Q

The greater the preload the ____ the passive tension

A

greater

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21
Q

What is afterload?

A

Load the muscle works against

22
Q

If the muscle generates more force than the afterload, an ____ contraction occurs.

A

Isotonic

23
Q

If the muscle generates less force than the afterload, an ____ contraction occurs?

A

isometric

24
Q

What is cross bridge cycling?

A

When myosin heads attach to filaments.

25
Q

When does cross bridge cycling start?

A

When free calcium is available and attaches to troponin

26
Q

ATP is not requires to form the cross-bridge linking to actin but is required for what?

A

Required to break the link with actin

27
Q

Cross-bridge cycling continues until when?

A

Withdrawal of calcium ion, ATP is depleted.

28
Q

Where is ATP required for muscle contraction?

A

Most used in the sliding filament mechanism

29
Q

What does phosphocreatine do?

A

Releases energy rapidly, reconstitutes ATP.

30
Q

Glycolysis in muscle contraction is what?

A

lactic acid build up

31
Q

Who can sustain contraction the longest?

A

Glycolysis

32
Q

What provides more than 95% of all energy needed for long term contraction?

A

Oxidative metabolism

33
Q

What is an isometric contraction?

A

When there is an increase in tension but not in length

34
Q

What is an isotonic contraction?

A

muscle length changes

35
Q

What is eccentric contraction? Give an example

A

Occurs when muscle lengthens. Ex; Hanging down from a pull up bar

36
Q

What is a concentric contraction? Give an example

A

Occurs when the muscle shortens. Ex; holding yourself up on the pull up bar

37
Q

How is the myofiber type determined?

A

By the innervating neuron

38
Q

What are the characteristics of light fibers?

A
  • Fast twitch
  • Less endurance
  • Fewer mitochondria
  • Anaerobic respiration
  • buildup of pyruvic and lactic acids
  • Little myoglobin
  • Larger concentration of ATPase
39
Q

What are the characteristics of dark fibers?

A
  • Slow twitch
  • More endurance
  • Mitochondria
  • Aerobic
  • Myoglobin
  • smaller concentration of ATPase
40
Q

What type of muscle is predominantly composed of dark fibers?

A

Soleus

41
Q

What type of muscle is predominantly composed of light fibers?

A

Gastrocnemius

42
Q

A neuron and the myofibers it innervates constitutes what?

A

A motor unit

43
Q

All-or-none really refers to what?

A

a motor unit

44
Q

What is tetany?

A

Frequency of spikes is fast enough, there is no time for relaxation between spikes and muscle remains at maximal contraction.

45
Q

In relation to muscles as levers, what is in the “middle” of first class?

A

Fulcrum is in the middle

46
Q

In relation to muscles as levers, what is in the “middle” of Second class?

A

Resistance (out-force) is in the middle

47
Q

In relation to muscles as levers, what is in the “middle” of third class?

A

Effort (in-force) is in the middle

48
Q

What is the in-force and out-force relation in first class and give an example.

A

In-force and out-force move in opposite directions

Example: Raising chin, or the see-saw

49
Q

What is the in-force and out-force relation in second class and give an example.

A

Both in and out forces are on the same side of the fulcrum.

Example: Raising the body on the ball of the foot.

50
Q

What is the in-force and out-force relation in third class and give an example.

A

Both in and out forces are on the same side of the fulcrum, both forces move in the same direction.
Example: Lifting a weight in the palm of your hand

Physiology Exam 1 Semester 1 (7 decks)

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