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Physiology Exam 1 Semester 1 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is human physiology?

A

Study of the functional organization of the human body

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2
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

It is the condition in which the body’s internal environment remains relatively constant within limits.
* Contains optimum concentrations of gases, nutrients, ions and water. Optimal temperature and pressure

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3
Q

What are the three basic components of a homeostatic control pathway?

A
  1. Sensory components (receptor protein)
  2. Integrator (neural circuits)
  3. Effector component ( ion pump or excretory organ)
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4
Q

What is stress in regards to homeostasis?

A

Any stimulus that creates an imbalance in the internal environment.

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5
Q

What cation is most abundant in the intracellular fluid?

A

potassium

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6
Q

What cation is most abundant in the exracellular fluid?

A

sodium

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7
Q

What anion is most abundant in the extraacellular fluid?

A

chloride

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8
Q

What is the definition of a feedback system?

A

Circular situation in which the information about the status of something is continually reported to a central control region.

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9
Q

What is a negative feedback loop and its characteristics?

A

A change in some parameter that causes a response that results in a return of that parameter to normal baseline. The response reverses the direction of the initial condition. Characteristics: diminishes the original change, stabilizing

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10
Q

What is a positive feedback loop and its characteristics?

A

A change in some parameter that causes a response to continue. It intensifies the stimulus. Characteristics: enhances the original change, destabilizing and can lead to runaway effects.

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11
Q

What is gain?

A

is the degree of effectiveness with which a control system maintains constant conditions.
Gain=correction/error

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12
Q

What is the structure of a cell membrane?

A

A phospholipid bilayer with cholesterol inserted among the phospholipids. Proteins are associated with the membrane

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13
Q

What is an integral protein?

A

Are either inserted into the membrane on one side or the other or pass all the way through and are exposed on either side of the membrane.

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14
Q

What is a peripheral protein?

A

Are loosely attached to one surface of the membrane or the other and are easily removed.

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15
Q

Many peripheral proteins are attached to the membrane by what?

A

GPI-anchored proteins

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16
Q

Cholesterol is relatively _____ and reduces ______-

A

Inflexible and reduce membrane fluidity

17
Q

What is the cell membrane function?

A
  1. Serves as a selective filter
  2. Plays role in defining intracellular and extracellular fluids homeostasis
  3. Information exchange between cells.
  4. Involved in exocytosis and endocystosis
18
Q

What are the cellular organelles?

A

Nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes and endosomes

19
Q

What does digestion involve?

A

Involves lysosomes

20
Q

Clathrin is involved in which cellular function?

A

Endocytosis

21
Q

Proteins bound for lysosomes or for secretion are synthesized where?

A

On rough ER to which ribosomes attach.

22
Q

Where are proteins bound for the cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria or to other cell membranes synthesized?

A

On free ribosomes

23
Q

What plays a role in packaging proteins for secretion and forms lysosomes?

A

Golgi Apparatus

24
Q

What are the characteristics of glycolysis?

A
  • Anaerobic (no O2)
  • Begins with glucose
  • Occurs in cytoplasm
  • Produces pyruvic acid and small amount of ATP
25
Q

What are the characteristics of Krebs Cycle and ETC?

A
  • Aerobic (requires O2)
  • Only in mitochondria
  • Utilizes pyruvic acid from glycolysis
  • Produces CO2 and H2O
  • Produces lots of ATP
26
Q

What are the types of locomotion used by the cells?

A

Amoeboid movement, cilia and flagella and microtubules

27
Q

What are the organelles with intracellular trafficking?

A

Ribosomes, lysosomes, secretory vesicles, RER, SER, golgi apparatus

Physiology Exam 1 Semester 1 (7 decks)

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