lecture 5

Question 1

the meristem that is the youngest and most external part of the root

Answer 1

protoderm

Question 2

: Cells produced by the protoderm that die and form a protective barrier on the tip of the root, so the delicate root tissue inside is not damaged when the root pushes deeper into the ground

Answer 2

the root cap

Question 3

An intermediate meristem produced by the root apical meristem; located right behind the root apical meristem.

Answer 3

the procambium`

Question 4

he tissue in the center of a young root

Answer 4

the steele

Question 5

the tissue in between the procambium, protoderm, and root apical meristem

Answer 5

the ground meristem

Question 6

The 3 Root growth zones

Answer 6

Zone of cell division
Zone of elongation
Zone of maturation

Question 7

Where some of the root growth happens
Cell division only happens to the youngest cells
Closest to tip, closest to root apical meristem

Answer 7

cell division growth xone

Question 8

Older cells that have stopped dividing

Where the majority of root growth happens

Answer 8

elongation growth zone

Question 9

The oldest root cells
Have stopped dividing and elongating
Epidermal cells that make root hairs
Uses root hairs to absorb water

Answer 9

maturation growth zone

Question 10

: a single epidermal cell that sticks out into the soil; Function to absorb water; increase surface area

Answer 10

root hairs

Question 11

Series of events when roots make branched roots

Answer 11

• Needs to send out a side shoot from just inside the vascular cylinder because that’s how the stream of vascular tissue remains continuous
• The root branch has all the parts the original or main root has, apical meristem, all the intermediate meristems and all the parts of root growth

Question 12

single layer of cells that contains the steele (vascular tissue); occurs in both eudicots and monocots

Answer 12

endodermis

Question 13

center of eudicot root; surrounded by endodermis

Answer 13

vascular cylinder

Question 14

the center ground tissue in monocots

Answer 14

pith

Question 15

is the set of cells where a lateral root can begin; located inside steele and endodermis

Answer 15

paracycle

Question 16

The two new meristems of secondary growth (lateral meristems/ secondary meristems)

Answer 16

vascular cambium

cork cambium

Question 17

One of the two meristems that make bark and wood. The meristem that is made first

Answer 17

vascular cambium

Question 18

meristem that is formed in the middle of the vascular bundles

Answer 18

vascular cambium

Question 19

What side is the primary phloem and primary xylem of the vascular cambium?

Answer 19

primary phloem on outside of vascular cambium

primary xylem on inside of vascular cambium

Question 20

What is the secondary xylem?

Answer 20

wood

Question 21

what is outside the secondary phloem?

Answer 21

bark

Question 22

What is the function of the vascular cambium?

Answer 22

to make secondary xylem and secondary phloem

Question 23

Is wood on the outside or inside of vascular cambium?

Answer 23

inside because its the secondary xylem

Question 24

The two cells of the vascular cambium?

Answer 24

ray initials

fusiform initials

Question 25

What direction do the rays, the ray initials make, run in?

Answer 25

laterally in the stem

Question 26

Why do the rays run laterally?

Answer 26

allows the plant to move things laterally; get stuff out

Question 27

What do fusiform initials make?

Answer 27

xylem and phloem tissue

Question 28

what shape are fusiform initials?

Answer 28

tapered

Question 29

What elements are inside the vascular cambium?

Answer 29

secondary xylem: wood growth rings rays

Question 30

polymer that makes wood "woody"; inside the secondary walls of tracheids and vessel elements; second most abundant polymer in the world; only natural polymer in plants not made of sugars

Answer 30

lignin

Question 31

The dark middle of wood.

Answer 31

heartwood

Question 32

why is heartwood dark

Answer 32

.The oldest parts get toxic, wasted materials that turns the wood dark. These toxic materials are thought to help prevent rotting of the center

Question 33

The light part of wood?

Answer 33

sapwood

Question 34

where does the most fluid flow in wood occur? sapwood or hardwood?

Answer 34

Most active spot for fluid flow occurs in sapwood; most water flowing up trunk occurs in sapwood, not hardwood

Question 35

When are the biggest secondary xylem cells made?

Answer 35

spring

Question 36

when are the smallest secondary xylem cells made?

Answer 36

winter

Question 37

Why do secondary xylem cells vary in size?

Answer 37

their rate of production varies

Question 38

what happens to the primary parts of the plant?

Answer 38

they disappear after a period of time, because there is nothing there to make them anymore

Question 39

what happens to the epidermal cells after the plant becomes woody?

Answer 39

they aren't there, nothing to protect the plant... cork cambium steps in

Question 40

Made by cylinder of cortex cells outside the vascular cambium

Answer 40

cork cambium

Question 41

what is the cork cambium's job?

Answer 41

to produce periderm

Question 42

What is periderm?

Answer 42

phelloderm and cork

Question 43

thin layer of living parenchymal cells | to the inside (some woody species)

Answer 43

phelloderm

Question 44

suberized (wax in the cell walls), dead cells To the outside Protects woody plants since there is no more epidermis

Answer 44

cork

Question 45

cork is impervious to ____

Answer 45

liquid

Question 46

xylem flow goes in what direction?

Answer 46

upwards only

Question 47

phloem flow goes in what direction

Answer 47

multiple directios

Question 48

liberation of O2 and intake of CO2

Answer 48

photosynthesis

Question 49

liberation of CO2 and intake of O2 in roots; why does this happen?

Answer 49

root respiration; roots are not photosynthetic

Question 50

The three cell components discussed

Answer 50

3 cell components: 1) Cytosol: everything inside cell membrane that is not an organelle 2) Vacuole: organelle for storage 3) Cell wall

Question 51

transport route inside cell body itself.

Answer 51

symplastic; plastic means plasma membrane

Question 52

route of transport outside cell membrane, in the cell wall,

Answer 52

apoplastic; "apo" means away from

Question 53

route of transport; combo of symplastic and apoplastic; water is inside and outside cell at various times

Answer 53

transmembrane

Question 54

fluid flows spontaneously from higher to lower energy

Answer 54

2nd law of thermodynamics

Question 55

energy difference in water, energy that drives spontaneous movement of water

Answer 55

water potential

Question 56

filling a balloon is an example of ___ pressure

Answer 56

positive

Question 57

drawing fluid from a water balloon is an example of ____ pressure

Answer 57

negative

Question 58

Psi (Ψ): symbol for what

Answer 58

water potential

Question 59

loss of water due to osmosis

Answer 59

plasmolysis

Question 60

plump cell with water

Answer 60

turgid

Question 61

water and minerals; materials inside xylem

Answer 61

sap

Question 62

non-woody mature eudicot root

Answer 62

herbaceous

Question 63

path of xylem

Answer 63

soil→ root→ shoot→ leaf→ atmosphere

Question 64

single ring of cells that functions as a checkpoint for the plant to say who it allows in. Has in its walls a waxy material called casparian strip

Answer 64

endodermis

Question 65

- waxy material inside the cell walls of the endodermis - where primary wall and middle lamella used to be - Waterproof and impermeable to ions: suberin

Answer 65

casparian strip

Question 66

function of endodermis (and casparian strip)?

Answer 66

Does not permit fluid to pass through it unless that fluid goes into the cell membrane. --> The symplastic route continues going through the cells But the Apoplastic route going outside the cell membranes hits the waxy part of the endodermis (the casparian strip) and is now forced to change and go through the cell membrane otherwise the fluid won't be allowed to continue into the plant

Question 67

What is the point of an endodermis?

Answer 67

The cells force the fluid to go through cell membrane because it can then sort what the plant actually needs to allow to go through and what the plant doesn't want allowed in

Question 68

contents within endodermis

Answer 68

``` Cylinder : one cell thick Steele: everything inside the endodermis Xylem and phloem Pith Pericycle (origin of lateral roots) ```

Question 69

waterproof cells that fill the periderm; cells that have wax filled in their cell walls

Answer 69

cork

Question 70

everything outside secondary phloem

Answer 70

bark

Question 71

wood

Answer 71

second xylem

Question 72

made by cork cambium; filled with waterproof cells called cork

Answer 72

periderm