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Bio Term 2 > lecture 5 > Flashcards

lecture 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

the meristem that is the youngest and most external part of the root

A

protoderm

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2
Q

: Cells produced by the protoderm that die and form a protective barrier on the tip of the root, so the delicate root tissue inside is not damaged when the root pushes deeper into the ground

A

the root cap

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3
Q

An intermediate meristem produced by the root apical meristem; located right behind the root apical meristem.

A

the procambium`

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4
Q

he tissue in the center of a young root

A

the steele

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5
Q

the tissue in between the procambium, protoderm, and root apical meristem

A

the ground meristem

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6
Q

The 3 Root growth zones

A

Zone of cell division
Zone of elongation
Zone of maturation

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7
Q

Where some of the root growth happens
Cell division only happens to the youngest cells
Closest to tip, closest to root apical meristem

A

cell division growth xone

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8
Q

Older cells that have stopped dividing

Where the majority of root growth happens

A

elongation growth zone

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9
Q

The oldest root cells
Have stopped dividing and elongating
Epidermal cells that make root hairs
Uses root hairs to absorb water

A

maturation growth zone

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10
Q

: a single epidermal cell that sticks out into the soil; Function to absorb water; increase surface area

A

root hairs

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11
Q

Series of events when roots make branched roots

A
  • Needs to send out a side shoot from just inside the vascular cylinder because that’s how the stream of vascular tissue remains continuous
  • The root branch has all the parts the original or main root has, apical meristem, all the intermediate meristems and all the parts of root growth
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12
Q

single layer of cells that contains the steele (vascular tissue); occurs in both eudicots and monocots

A

endodermis

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13
Q

center of eudicot root; surrounded by endodermis

A

vascular cylinder

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14
Q

the center ground tissue in monocots

A

pith

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15
Q

is the set of cells where a lateral root can begin; located inside steele and endodermis

A

paracycle

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16
Q

The two new meristems of secondary growth (lateral meristems/ secondary meristems)

A

vascular cambium

cork cambium

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17
Q

One of the two meristems that make bark and wood. The meristem that is made first

A

vascular cambium

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18
Q

meristem that is formed in the middle of the vascular bundles

A

vascular cambium

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19
Q

What side is the primary phloem and primary xylem of the vascular cambium?

A

primary phloem on outside of vascular cambium

primary xylem on inside of vascular cambium

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20
Q

What is the secondary xylem?

A

wood

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21
Q

what is outside the secondary phloem?

A

bark

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22
Q

What is the function of the vascular cambium?

A

to make secondary xylem and secondary phloem

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23
Q

Is wood on the outside or inside of vascular cambium?

A

inside because its the secondary xylem

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24
Q

The two cells of the vascular cambium?

A

ray initials

fusiform initials

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25
Q

What direction do the rays, the ray initials make, run in?

A

laterally in the stem

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26
Q

Why do the rays run laterally?

A

allows the plant to move things laterally; get stuff out

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27
Q

What do fusiform initials make?

A

xylem and phloem tissue

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28
Q

what shape are fusiform initials?

A

tapered

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29
Q

What elements are inside the vascular cambium?

A

secondary xylem: wood
growth rings
rays

30
Q

polymer that makes wood “woody”; inside the secondary walls of tracheids and vessel elements; second most abundant polymer in the world; only natural polymer in plants not made of sugars

A

lignin

31
Q

The dark middle of wood.

A

heartwood

32
Q

why is heartwood dark

A

.The oldest parts get toxic, wasted materials that turns the wood dark. These toxic materials are thought to help prevent rotting of the center

33
Q

The light part of wood?

A

sapwood

34
Q

where does the most fluid flow in wood occur? sapwood or hardwood?

A

Most active spot for fluid flow occurs in sapwood; most water flowing up trunk occurs in sapwood, not hardwood

35
Q

When are the biggest secondary xylem cells made?

A

spring

36
Q

when are the smallest secondary xylem cells made?

A

winter

37
Q

Why do secondary xylem cells vary in size?

A

their rate of production varies

38
Q

what happens to the primary parts of the plant?

A

they disappear after a period of time, because there is nothing there to make them anymore

39
Q

what happens to the epidermal cells after the plant becomes woody?

A

they aren’t there, nothing to protect the plant… cork cambium steps in

40
Q

Made by cylinder of cortex cells outside the vascular cambium

A

cork cambium

41
Q

what is the cork cambium’s job?

A

to produce periderm

42
Q

What is periderm?

A

phelloderm and cork

43
Q

thin layer of living parenchymal cells

to the inside (some woody species)

A

phelloderm

44
Q

suberized (wax in the cell walls), dead cells
To the outside
Protects woody plants since there is no more epidermis

A

cork

45
Q

cork is impervious to ____

A

liquid

46
Q

xylem flow goes in what direction?

A

upwards only

47
Q

phloem flow goes in what direction

A

multiple directios

48
Q

liberation of O2 and intake of CO2

A

photosynthesis

49
Q

liberation of CO2 and intake of O2 in roots; why does this happen?

A

root respiration; roots are not photosynthetic

50
Q

The three cell components discussed

A

3 cell components:

1) Cytosol: everything inside cell membrane that is not an organelle
2) Vacuole: organelle for storage
3) Cell wall

51
Q

transport route inside cell body itself.

A

symplastic; plastic means plasma membrane

52
Q

route of transport outside cell membrane, in the cell wall,

A

apoplastic; “apo” means away from

53
Q

route of transport; combo of symplastic and apoplastic; water is inside and outside cell at various times

A

transmembrane

54
Q

fluid flows spontaneously from higher to lower energy

A

2nd law of thermodynamics

55
Q

energy difference in water, energy that drives spontaneous movement of water

A

water potential

56
Q

filling a balloon is an example of ___ pressure

A

positive

57
Q

drawing fluid from a water balloon is an example of ____ pressure

A

negative

58
Q

Psi (Ψ): symbol for what

A

water potential

59
Q

loss of water due to osmosis

A

plasmolysis

60
Q

plump cell with water

A

turgid

61
Q

water and minerals; materials inside xylem

A

sap

62
Q

non-woody mature eudicot root

A

herbaceous

63
Q

path of xylem

A

soil→ root→ shoot→ leaf→ atmosphere

64
Q

single ring of cells that functions as a checkpoint for the plant to say who it allows in. Has in its walls a waxy material called casparian strip

A

endodermis

65
Q
  • waxy material inside the cell walls of the endodermis
  • where primary wall and middle lamella used to be
  • Waterproof and impermeable to ions: suberin
A

casparian strip

66
Q

function of endodermis (and casparian strip)?

A

Does not permit fluid to pass through it unless that fluid goes into the cell membrane.

–> The symplastic route continues going through the cells
But the Apoplastic route going outside the cell membranes hits the waxy part of the endodermis (the casparian strip) and is now forced to change and go through the cell membrane otherwise the fluid won’t be allowed to continue into the plant

67
Q

What is the point of an endodermis?

A

The cells force the fluid to go through cell membrane because it can then sort what the plant actually needs to allow to go through and what the plant doesn’t want allowed in

68
Q

contents within endodermis

A 
Cylinder : one cell thick 
Steele: everything inside the endodermis
Xylem and phloem
Pith
Pericycle (origin of lateral roots)
69
Q

waterproof cells that fill the periderm; cells that have wax filled in their cell walls

A

cork

70
Q

everything outside secondary phloem

A

bark

71
Q

wood

A

second xylem

72
Q

made by cork cambium; filled with waterproof cells called cork

A

periderm

Bio Term 2 (7 decks)

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