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Bio Term 2 > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

something that should, or does contain one seed

A

fruit

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2
Q

reproductive structure of conifers?

A

cones

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3
Q

reproductive structure of flowering plants?

A

flowers

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4
Q

microgametophyte in conifers?

A

pollen

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5
Q

nourishing embryo in conifers?

A

megagametophyte

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6
Q

microgametophyte in flowering plants?

A

pollen

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7
Q

nourishing embryo in flowering plants?

A

endosperm

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8
Q

how many cells are the conifers megagametophyte?

A

many cells

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9
Q

how many cells are flowering plants megagametophyte?

A

8 nuclei, 7 cells

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10
Q

what is special about conifers seeds?

A

they are naked

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11
Q

Parts of the shoot system?

A

nodes, branch, auxiliary bud, leaf, internode region

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12
Q

Place on shoot where leaves emerge, sometimes branches

A

node

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13
Q

originally bud, that can remain dormant until it wants to grow

A

branch

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14
Q

small bud

A

auxiliary bud

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15
Q

contains blade and petiole

A

leaf

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16
Q

space on shoot between nodes

A

internode region

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17
Q

what does the root system consist of?

A

taproot

lateral roots

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18
Q

glucose chain

A

cellulose

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19
Q

adjacent, parallel cellulose molecules (polysaccharide), rope-like

A

cellulose microfibers

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20
Q

thin, in all cells; all plants have (except sperm and sea plants)

A

primary plant cell wall

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21
Q

thicker, only in some cells; some plants (helps with strength)

A

secondary plant cell wall

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22
Q

what are plant cell walls mostly composed of?

A

cellulose

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23
Q

some functions of plant cell walls?

A

Determines and maintains cell shape as plant cell (and membrane with it) within cell wall can expand and contract
Provides support, mechanical strength: allowing plants to get tall, compete for light, hold out thin leaves
Prevent membrane from bursting, because cells will continue swelling w/o cell wall
Control rate and direction of cell grow
Form shape of plant, determines how plant can grow
Physical barrier to threats like:
pathogens
water in suberized (waxy) cells, some cell walls aren’t waxy
Remember wall is porous and allows passage of small molecules*
Carb storage, which the cell can take back and use

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24
Q

What are the three types of polyssacharide in cell walls?

A

cellulose
cross-linking glycans (hemicellulose)
pectin

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25
Q

What does hemicellulose/ cross linking glycans do?

A

bond with cellulose

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26
Q

what is the function of pectin in the cell wall?

A

holding everything together like glue

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27
Q

: material of pectic substances which holds adjacent cells together by acting like a glue

A

middle lamella

28
Q

Was the secondary or primary cell wall made second?

A

the secondary cell wall was made second

29
Q

How was the secondary cell wall made?

A

the membrane inside the cell makes the cell walls
makes primary
primary pushed outwards
secondary made

30
Q

why are there two cell walls

A

support, protection

31
Q

the connections between the cells. Extensions between cells where membrane is continuous

A

plasmodesmata

32
Q

(cell)

Outermost coating of all land plants (single sheet/layer)

A

epidermal cells

33
Q

function of epidermal cells

A

waterproofing

protection from bacteria

34
Q

wax and epidermal cells make the ____

A

cuticle

35
Q

function of the cuticle

A

protects against:
water loss
UV radiation
pathogens

36
Q

cell type: Functions, usually performed as a unit of these cells (accomplish things in groups), general cell

A

parenchymal cells

37
Q

function of parenchymal cells

A

photosynthesis
storage
secretion

38
Q

do parenchymal cells have a secondary cell wall?

A

not usually

39
Q

When do parenchymal cells divide?

A

at maturity

40
Q

cell type:
Support, especially of young and growing organs
- uneven primary cell wall

A

collenchymal cells

41
Q

do collenchymal cells have a secondary cell wall?

A

no

42
Q

are collenchymal cells alive at maturity? what do they do at maturity?

A

yes; they elongate at maturity

43
Q

cell type:
Support, protection of tissues no longer elongating/ getting longer because they are hard cells with thick secondary wall that has polymer lignin in it.
- has 2 forms

A

sclerenchyma cells

44
Q

are sclerechyma cells alive at maturity? can they elongate at maturity?

A

probably dead at maturity; cannot elongate at maturity

45
Q

do sclerenchyma cells have a secondary wall?

A

yes, a thick secondary wall

46
Q

what are the two types of sclerenchyma cells?

A

fibers

sclereids

47
Q

water conducting cells of xylem?

A

tracheids and vessel elements

48
Q

_____ have tracheids?

A

all vascular plants

49
Q

____ have vessel elements

A

flowering plants

50
Q

are xylem cells alive at maturity?

A

no

51
Q

What is special about xylem cells second wall?

A

it is lignified; woody

52
Q

how does water flow through xylem cells

A

tracheids: through the pits

vessel elements: through tops and bottoms

53
Q

openings in cell walls between cells

A

pits

54
Q

order of programmed cell death/apotosis

A

1) Cytoplasmic streaming
2) Secondary cell wall formed
3) Vacuole implodes

55
Q

sugar conducting cells of the phloem?

A

sieve elements

56
Q

are sieve elements alive at maturity?

A

yes

57
Q

what are special about sieve elements?

A

they have companion cells

58
Q

Ultimate source of all parts of mature sporophyte (organs, ect)
Undifferentiated
Retain “forever” the ability to divide (similar to stem cells)

A

meristems

59
Q

Roots AM and shoot AM

Primary growth of plant tissue systems

A

apical meristems

60
Q

Vascular cambium and cork cambium

Secondary growth

A

lateral meristems

61
Q

what do lateral meristems enable the plant to become?

A

woody

62
Q

What are the three intermediate meristems?

A

procambium
protoderm
ground meristem

63
Q

what does the procambium make?

A

vascular tissue

64
Q

what does the protoderm make?

A

dermal tissue

65
Q

what does the ground meristem make?

A

ground tissue

66
Q

what is the epidermis?

A

single layer of epidermal cells; covered by cuticle

Bio Term 2 (7 decks)

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