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compounding > Lecture 5&6: ointments > Flashcards

Lecture 5&6: ointments Flashcards

1
Q

Tylenol/APAP toxicity to animals

A

Cats

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2
Q

Chocolate and grape flavoring toxicity to animals

A

Dogs

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3
Q

Xylitol toxicity to animals

A

Dogs and birds
profound hypOglycemia
hepatocellular necrosis

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4
Q

Compounding needs for animal Rx

A

Dosage form
taste issues (tuna/beef flavoring)
mixing multiple medsfor easier application
customize dose
avoid toxicities in excipients of readily available Rxs

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5
Q

Common errors in vetinary dispensing

A
  1. identify breed of animal
  2. Identify occupation/intended use
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6
Q

Companion animal

A

least restriction of drug use

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7
Q

Performance animal

A

service, military/police, competitive sport

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8
Q

Food producing

A

drug use is strictly regulated and causes serious penalties if violated
AMDUCA: animal medicinal drug use claification act

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9
Q

AMDUCA

A

Animal medicinal drug use clarification act 1996
1. must have relationship between prescriber and animal/client (CVPR)
2. Avoid drug residues in the food chain for food producing animals

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10
Q

Algorithm for vet rx

A

check for all components:
1. licensed practitioner name, address, telephone, DEA if CS (vets don’t have NPI)
2. Owner name and info
3. Animal species/breed, DOB, weight, gender
4. Drug name and strength, directions, refill #

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11
Q

Banned medications in food producing animals that have toxicities to humans

A

chloramphenicol, diethylstilbesterol, fluoroquinolones, etc

“abx free chicken”

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12
Q

ointments

compounded

A

semisolid preps for external application to the skin or mucous membrane
pastes, gels, plasters, etc

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13
Q

Common uses for compounded ointments

A

protect skin/mucuous membrane
provide hydration (emolient)
vehicle for medication (local vs systemic)

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14
Q

Local ointment

A

antibiotic

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15
Q

Systemic ointment

A

nitroglycerin

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16
Q

Choosing an ointment base

A

decision depends on:
1. ointment use
2. properties of medication being incorporated
3. area of application

17
Q

5 types of ointment bases

A
  1. hydrocarbon/oleaginous
  2. anhydrous
  3. water in oil emulsion
  4. oil in water emulsion
  5. water soluble
18
Q

Compounding materials for ointments

A
  1. Slabs>pads
  2. metal spatula>plastic (unless rxn w/ metal like iodine)
  3. large scale - use mills or electric mixers
19
Q

Levigating agents

reduce particle size by triturating w/ small amount of immicible liquid

A

Required to:
1. make ointment smooth elegant
2. adequately wet the solid (viscous, low surfance tension)
3. ex: mineral oil, glycerin, propylene glycol, PEG400, cottonseed oil, castor oil, etc
4. solid must be insoluble in levigating agent

20
Q

Dissolution

A
  1. solid powder must be soluble in solvent
  2. solid dissolved in solvent prior to adding to ointment base
  3. absorption base is used to absorb the aqeuous solution
21
Q

When are levigating agents NOT required?

A
  1. solid is very fine particle
  2. small quantity
  3. soft ointment base
  4. ointment intended to be a stiff paste
22
Q

Ideal properties of ointment

A
  1. spreads easily
  2. compatible w/ toipcal use (hypoallengergic)
  3. stable (no bacteria)
  4. smooth and pliable (not hard or runny)
  5. softens/melts at room temp
  6. readily released medication
  7. easily removed (doesn’t stain clothing)
23
Q

what increases drug release and penentration into the skin?

semisolid dosage forms

A
  1. more pressure
  2. greater surface area
  3. broken skin/open wound (thin = systemic adr)
  4. type of base (depends on drug)
  5. use of occlusive dressing
24
Q

Dissolution examples

A
  1. solid, water-soluble powder –> petrolatum
    — dissolve in distilled water
  2. solid, oil-soluble powder –> petrolatum
    – dissolve in mineral oil
25
Q

anhydrous ointment bases

A

more challenges
not as washable
spreads less
more occlusive (protectant)
can incorporate fewer drugs
poor release of polar drug

26
Q

hydrous ointment bases

A

spreads more easily
more washable
not as occlusive
more drugs can be incorporated (but not oils)
better release of polar drugs

27
Q

Anhydrous vs hydrous base

A

most of the time hydrous > anhydrous

28
Q

Types of anhydrous bases

A

hydrocarbon (white petrolatum, white ointment)
anhydrous (hydrophillic petrolatum, anhydrous lanolin, aquaphor, aquabase)
water soluble (PEG ointment, polybase)

29
Q

Types of hydrous bases

A

Water/oil (cold cream, hydrous lanolin, hydrocream, eucerin)
oil/water (dermabase, velvachol, unibase)
water soluble (PEG ointment, polybase)

30
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

white petrolatum
white ointment

31
Q

Anhydrous

A

hydrophillic petrolatum
anhydrous lanolin
aquaphor
aquabase

32
Q

Water/oil base

A

cold cream
hydrous lanolin
hydrocream
eucerin

33
Q

oil/water base

A

dermabase
velvachol
unibase

34
Q

Water soluble

A

PEG ointment
Polybase

35
Q

Ointment compounding

depends on # of ingredients

A

1-2 ingredients: mix everything together
3 or more ingredients: add sequentially to base (geometrically)

36
Q

ointment: choosing agent

A

must be chemically similar to ointment base
always use minimal amount of levigating agent unless otherwise specified by the prescriber

37
Q

ointment: dissolution

A

dissolve solid in solvent prior to adding to ointment base when:
1. solids are hard to incorporate
2. powdered solid must be soluble in solvent
always use smallest amount of solvent (based on dissolution data)

38
Q

ointment: adding liquid to ointment

A
  1. must be carefully spatulated or triturated into base
  2. place semisolid base on slab, create depression
  3. pour liquid in, keep contained
  4. spatulate in small proportions until well incorporated
39
Q

ointment procedure

A

depends

compounding (12 decks)

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