Lecture 5&6 - Emotion Flashcards
components of emotions
- behavior
- physiology
- feeling
- > subjective feelings, expressive emotions
categorical theories (of emotion)
emotions as beeing discrete and independent, distinguishing basic (= innate, widely shared - psychological patterns/visual cues) from complex emotions (= learned, subject to change, combining basic emotions - more varied)
dimensional theories (of emotion)
- emotions are point within complex space; arousal and valence as dimensional space
- > arousal = intensity of emotion
- > valence = positive or negative direction
Measuring emotions (psychophysiology)
= measuringbodily changes while emotion is expressed -> autonomic nervous system reaction
sympathetic division (autonomic nervous system)
expand energy (fight or flight)
parasympathetic division (autonomic nervous system)
conserve energy (rest-and-digest)
skin conductance response
measuring skin response (ex. sweting with electordes)
-> there are latencies in the measurement
startle response
measruing eye-blink response with EMG, elicited by unexpected stimuli
-> measuring valence, quick response
3 infromation-processing stages of emotions
- evalution of sensory input
- conscious experience of a feeling state
- expression of behavioral and physiolocical responses
William James on Emotion
deterministic relationship between emotions and body
-> cannot feel emotions when there is no reaction from the body
Feedback theory of emotion (James Lange)
emotional stimulus causes bodily reaction (sensory cortex activates motor cortex, both in cerebral cortex), eliciting a bodily response, which gets feed back into brain (sensory cortex in cerebral cortex), which cuases reaction -> a feeling/feelings
Diencephalic theory (Cannon-Bard)
stating that autonomic nervous system responds to similar to account for all the variations within emotions (there has to be another theory …)
- > hypothalamus and thalamus especially active when eliciting emotion, processor of emotional stimulus (in hypothalamus it also elicits bodily responses), forward processed material to cerebral cortex, elciciting feelings
- > concerns parallel processing
similarities of James Langes and Cannon Bards theories
- body is important in generating emotions
- conscious emotional states are processed in neocortex
Limbic system theory
for responsible emotional functions, hippocampus is crucial
-> not dedicated to emotions only, more responsible for other processes, less impacted in emotions
right-hemispheric hypothesis (hemispheric-assymetry hypothesis) + problems/damage
- mediating emotions (perceiving emotions)
- producing facial expressions (and speech prosodyM melody or tonal used while talking)
damaged; difficulty in emotion perception, difficutly in producing facial expression and speech prosody (accodringly) - negative emotions/survival related (valence hypothesis)
left-hemispheric (hemispheric-assymetry hypothesis) + problems/damage
- positive emotions/linguistic &social functions (valence hypothesis)
vertical integration models
relates two processing levels:
- deep brain regions (limbic system theroy)
- neocortical region (hemispheric-assymetry hypothesis)
- > used to study fear conditioning
- > shows that it needs long time to develop motor skills/learn habits
medial temporal lobe - conditional fear learning
- amygdala to epxress fear (allows emotional stimuli to reach awareness)
- > if amygdala is damages; no fear response (but can be learned to some extend)
- > hippocampal damage; showing fear response, but no learnign out of it
somatic marker hypothesis
- > role of emotion in decision making
- ventromedial prefrontal cortex links factual knowledge to bioregulatory states (somatic markers (feelings in the body that are associated with emotions))
- > isnula curcial; monitors own psychological state, concerning introspection; evaluating owns feelings (activity can be measured)
What do emotions influence?
perception & attention
memory modulation hypothesis
amygdala enhances memory consolidation
- > has direct axonal connections
- > releases stress hormones
emotion regulation
- fear extintion
- > situation selection
- > cogntivie reappraisal
- > expressive supression
- curcial for mental and physical health
Why measuring stress in health care?
- insight into owns (understanding oneself) and others stress level (especially important when they cannot communicate anymore)
Behavioral and Psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD)
= all the behavior associated with suffering/danger for person with dimensia or person around dimensia sick person - dependent on personal circumstances
-> not the behavior itself, but the effect of it determines whether there is a problem
Progressive lowered trehsold model (stress treshold; consequences of stress)
- to little stress = boredom
- to much stress = negative impact (ex. aggression)
- > need to find treshold in-between
psychological treatments for BPSD
impared expression of feelings from dimentia suffering patience
-> psycho-social treatment, requires extensive analysis, needing clinical measurement
definition of stress:
- biologically
- psychologically
- nervous system -> arousal
2. happenings to the body
tools to measure stress + what to consider?+ what they measure?
- wearable sensors
- > need to be chosen approbriately, interface shown to user needs to be fitted
- > measuring movement, temperature, heart rate, skin conductance
How could AI help evaluating the relationship between measurements and actual stress?
-> feature extraction (from rule based, calibrated to differences in people) -> using machine learning
(always consider false positives which coul have affect on person)
detecting arousal and valence
- > valence is difficult to detect (cannot see if positive or negative)
- > arousal is easily detected
how to generate affective robot movement
using adversarial neural networks (GANs); deep learning technique(s)
-> theories of emotion used in robot design; allows to design facial expressions
