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Cognitive Neuroscience > Lecture 10&11 - Executive Functions > Flashcards

Lecture 10&11 - Executive Functions Flashcards

1
Q
  • remember! different brain cuts (views on the brain)
A
  1. axial = from abive
  2. sagittal = from left/right
  3. coronal = from front/back
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2
Q
  • self-reflection brain mode?
A

the default mode

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3
Q
  • superior temporal sulcus (STS) active when …
A

body actions are meaningful and goal directed (expectancy violations)

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4
Q

executive functions - their role (basics)

A
  • supervisory role; directing cognitive functions (goal directed), in prefrontal cortex
  • modulate activity of other cognitive functions; modifying/adapting rules, adapt to environment, within working memory (maintaining rules)
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5
Q

brain regions for executive functions

A
  • > frontal lobe (higher cognitive functions)
  • bilateral prefrontal cortex (learning)
  • lateral prefrontal cortex
  • medial prefrontal cortex
  • basal ganglia
  • > connections to other regions
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6
Q

establishing and modifying rules (executive functions)

A
  • initiating new rules, inhibiting inappropriate rules (-> actions, interfering information, socially inappropriate behavior), shifting among rules, relating rules
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7
Q

contextual control (executive functions)

A

monitoring

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8
Q

working memory (executive functions)

A
  • maintenance

- manipulation

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9
Q

brain regions supporting executive control

A
  • dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
  • ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
  • posterior parietal cortex
  • dorsomedial prefrontal cortex
  • anterior congulate cortex
  • orbifrontal cortex
  • ventromedial cortex
  • caudate nucleus
  • putamen
    Fuck this!
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10
Q

frontal dysexectutive syndrome (prefrontal lobe damage)

A

= damage to lateral prefrontal cortex

- difficulties in managing daily life (planning, interacting, …)

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11
Q

frontal disinhibition syndrome (prefrontal lobe damage)

A

= damage to ventral and medial regions

  • difficulties in controlling movements, inapprobriate behavior (problems in initiating rules and approbriate behavior)
    (ex. Phineas gage disease)
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12
Q

executive function of short- or long-term?

A

short term, suppressing/enhancing certain response

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13
Q

initiating new rules in the brain

A

happens in prefrontal cortex, with selective neurons (also involves basal ganglia)

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14
Q

initiating rules of behavior

A

in basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex

  • object switch: basal ganglia
  • object and rule switch: ventral basal ganglia, dorsal prefrontal cortex
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15
Q

inhibition of rules/behaviors

A

= suppression of unimportant information
halting trained behaviors, preventing interferences/irrelevant information, restraining socially inapprobriate actions, removing irrelevantt infromation from working memory

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16
Q

The oddball task

A

sequence of slighlty varying sings which have standard response, just target stimulus needs different response, which needs more time (inhibition of standard response)
-> triggers P300, activation in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

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17
Q

shifting among rules - basic idea

A

goal change means rule change

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18
Q

The Wisconsin card sorting test

A

card sorting, evaluating rule on how to sort, get feedback, rule changes within the taks and current adaptation is needed
-> concerns prefrontal cortex; people which have damage in this are have a hard time switching the rules in-between, cannot adapt behavior quickly (paired-separation)

19
Q

relating rules

A
  • > creating complex mental models
  • several low level judgments to make higher order judgment
  • > higher order integration in frontopolar cortex (most anterior part of the prefrontal cortex)
20
Q

hierarchy of brain regions in executive functions - basics

A
  • anterior regions; complex associations (more demanding tasks)
    -> supports functions related to implementing and modifying higher-order abstract goals
  • posterior regions; simple rule processing (stimulus response selection) (less demanding tasks)
    -> support executive functions associated with selecting the approbirate motor action
    (both are connected in the brain)
21
Q

frontopolar cortex (executive functions)

A

tracking of (sub)goals, relation integration, infromation-seeking behavior

22
Q

mid-dorsolateral PFC (executive functions)

A

task switching, categorization of sequences, complex stimulus-response, contingencies

23
Q

premotor cortex (executive functions)

A

response selection, execution of simple actions, rule matching

24
Q

posterior lateral (PFC)

A

selection of sequences of responses, categorization of sequences, rule learning

25
Q

contextual control

A

= matching behavior to context

  • allocating brain resources
  • > dorsal medial prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex (inhibitigng incongruence)
26
Q

The Stropp task

A

incongruent condition - mismatch (slower response)
-> increased activation of anterior cingulate cortex
concruent condition - match (faster response)
neutral condition - unrelated (faster response)

27
Q

dorsal anterior cingulate (dorsal vs ventral region)

A
  • dorsal = cognitive control

- ventral = emotion processes

28
Q

working memory (+ brain region)

A

executive processing, maintaining and manipulating rules

  • > in lateral prefrontal cortex (activity persits for entire delay period)
  • > when manipulations need to be made that happens in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
29
Q

Baddeley model (working memory)

A
  • three capactiy-limited buffers
    1. phonological loop; language
    2. episodic buffer; episodic memory
    3. visualspatial sketchpad; semantics
  • > for sound, multimodal/spatial/visual representation
30
Q

Cowan model (working memory)

A
  • two levels of working memory
    1. activates lon-term memory representation (if not rehearsed -> rapid decay)
    2. activates representaions within focus of executive control (only four items at a time)
31
Q

structural connectivity (isotropic vs anisotropic)

A
  • isotropic diffusion: diffusion same in every direction
  • > molecules move from parts with higher to parts with lower concentration (restricted by cell walls, guiding in specific directions)
  • anisotropic diffusion: different diffusion coefficients along different directions
  • > cell walls and myelin impede such motion
32
Q

structural connectivity (measurement))

A

measure diffusion in 3D space (quantified by tensor; direction of difussion, seeing restrictions of diffusion)

  • > mean diffusion (overall amount of diffusion)
  • > looking at fractional anisotropy; from 0 to 1
33
Q

tactography

A

using direction to trace a line (seeing structures in the brain)
-> seeing main movement direction in voxel

34
Q

functional connectivity

A

relationship between functional activity of different brain regions (how they are connected)
-> cannot measure all at ones, therfore split it in parts, taking average activation across all and see activation across all regions (done with MRI)

35
Q

resting state connectivity

A

rest and think of nothing in particular

-> slow activation corresponds to functional irrelevant networks

36
Q

brain tumors - 2 kinds

A
  • tumor invading and destroying normal brain tissue (malignant)
  • > causes neurological issues/cignitive miss-function
  • tumor pressing on normal tissue and causing increased pressure within the brain (malign)
  • > takes part of the brain over
37
Q

onco-functional balance (brain tumor)

A

taking a lot away but not too much to perserve the functioning of the brain (when taking surgeon on brain)

38
Q

fronto-aslant track (FAT)

A

connects posterior parts of the inferior frontal gyrus and the superior frontal gyrus
-> area concerns working memory and inhibtion
[the higher the mean diffusion activity, the lower the integrity of the trackt, the worse the performance of the task]

39
Q

superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF)

A

connects frontal and parietal regions; several branches with specific cogntivie functions

40
Q

temporal pattern lesions

A

how left hemispheric tumor affects right hemisphere; adpatations can be made when there is time
-> slower growing tumors: higher capacity for distributed information processing bwteen modules in contralesional hemisphere

41
Q

assortativity

A 
high connectivity (highly connected nodes preferring to be connected to highly connected nodes)
-> quicker information spread
42
Q

disassortative

A

no high connectivity (not highly connected nodes preferring to be connected to not highly connected nodes)

43
Q

default mode network

A

activated during rest, deactivated when task is done

44
Q

frontal parietal network

A

activated for cogntiive flexibility tasks (working memory tasks)

Cognitive Neuroscience (6 decks)

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