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Cognitive Neuroscience > Lecture 3&4 - Motor Systems > Flashcards

Lecture 3&4 - Motor Systems Flashcards

1
Q

motor system - the organization of actions: What does this field concern?

A
  • a lot of msucles in the brain which need to be activated/deactivated in time to acheive what want to be done; execute an action
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2
Q

Levels of control of action (just the components names)

A

from lowest to highest level …

  1. spinal cord
  2. motor cortex (primary motor cortex (M1))
  3. pre-motor cortex (PMC), supplementary motor area (SMA)
  4. basal ganglia
  5. cerebellum
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3
Q

Reflexes (spinal cord)

A

spinal cord has neurons directly connected to the muscles; axon goes out of cell body into muslce, whenever AP goes down it releases vesicles at the synapse, neuro-muscular junction happens, releases neuotransmitters cause muscle twitch
-> see sensory neurons; working inverse; ex. finger produces action potential -> going up the arm to spinal cord -> back to finger which is moved (the brain is not involved, defintion of reflex)

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4
Q

Executing motor programs (motor cortex)

A

happens inside the brain, voluntary actions (planned movements), executing motor plans

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5
Q

initiation/stopping and planning of motor actions/sequences (PMC and SMA)

A

allows goal directed action planning, happens more towards frontal part of the brain

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6
Q

gating and control over action based on motivation, affective state (basal ganglia)

A

in subcortical part of the brain, for automatic movements/motivaltional control of movements/affective states playing a role there
-> also concerns inhibitation of certain actions

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7
Q

adjusting ongoing behavior, timing (cerebellum)

A

highly connected to motor system, backs up the control systems, timekeeper; comparing expected input with actual input
-> quick behavior changes can be done when there is mismatch -> requires quick adjustment of motor plan

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8
Q

lobes and major sulci

A
  • central sulcus seperates frontal from parietal lobe
  • sylvian/lateral fissure seperating parietal from from temporal lobe
  • traverse fissure to half brain in top and bottom part
  • longitudinal fissure to split brain in left and right side
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9
Q

hierarchies in the motor system (upper motor neurons)

A
  • > motor cortex (primary and premotor, and supplementary); planning, initiating and directing voluntary movements
  • primary motor neurons travel down the spinal cord to synapse onto local circuits (these control lower motor neurons directly; muscle contradiciton, operate with a level of (reflex) autonomy (ex. pain reflex))
  • > brain stem centers; basic movement and postural control
  • > basal ganglia; gatling proper initiation of movement
  • > cerebellum; sensory motor coordination
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10
Q

central pattern generators

A

neuronal circuits able to produce rythmic motor patterns in the absence of sensory inputs (ex. wlaking)

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11
Q

hierarchies in the motor system (lower motor neurons)

A
  • > have their cell body in spinal cord; movement provokes AP, cell becomes active, shift happens
  • > direct control over muscle contractions
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12
Q

topology in the motor system

A
  • spinal cord: medial to lateral
  • primary motor cortex: motor homunculus
  • voluntary movmement: maps in M1
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13
Q

Cortical motor neurons (M1)

A
  • > directing/orchestrating voluntary movements
  • > active before movement occurs/action is actually executed (signal takes time to travel down the spinal cord)
  • can also generate complex, multi-joint movement
  • are active in many movements (“borad tuning”), making it hard to predict direction/intensity of one single neuron
  • > movements have to be specified with populations of neurons (combined output determines actual movement)
  • > population movement vector
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14
Q

superior colliculus

A

area of brain stem directly controling eye movement (producing saccades; little eye jumps); the direction of eye movements is spatially organized
-> decoded population direction vectors precede movement (measuring the readiness potential (in premotor cortex); negative EEG deflection)

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15
Q

PMC (planning)

A
  • > indicates future cues of movement (memory component; when signal is gone one remembers what to do)
  • if this area is damaged there is a loss of motor awareness (person does not see own illness/inability)
  • > initiation, termination, cued sequences; action/motor unit linked representations; “working memory for action”
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16
Q

supplementary MC

A
  • > for planning movmements (not following a stimulus); precise planning, self-initiating
  • neurons involved which define the position in sequence (irrespective of particular action required)
  • > self-generated motor sequences/action plans; abstract representations; activity deterined by place in sequence
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17
Q

basal ganglia

A
  • part of the limbic system
  • made up of multiple nuclei (under cortex)
  • facilitates movement; indirectly, different circuits promoting or inhibiting movement -> gating of motor output
  • > output of basal ganglia affects thalamus
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18
Q
  1. precentral gyrus
  2. central sulcus
  3. lateral (sylvian) fissure
A
  1. on the side; on the border between frontal and parietal lobe
  2. on top; between frontal and parietal lobe
  3. bottom; between frontal and temporal lobe
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19
Q
  1. anterior
  2. posterior
  3. superior
  4. inferior
A
  1. in front of (front of head)
  2. behind (backside of head)
  3. above (on top of head)
  4. inferiro (below head, downside of head)
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20
Q
  1. rostal
  2. caudal
  3. dorsal
  4. ventral
A
  1. cutting brain in top and bottom part; going in front
  2. same as 1; going in the back
    -> longitudinal axis of the forebrain
  3. upper part in cut
  4. lower part in cut
    ; cutting from middle of the brain down the neck stem
    -> longitudinal axis of the brainstem and spinal cord
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21
Q
  1. rostal
  2. caudal
  3. dorsal
  4. ventral
A
  1. cutting brain in top and bottom part; going in front
  2. same as 1; going in the back
    -> longitudinal axis of the forebrain
  3. upper part in cut (of brain)
  4. lower part in cut
    ; cutting from middle of the brain down the neck stem
    -> longitudinal axis of the brainstem and spinal cord
22
Q

insula

A

within the frontal lobe, on the border to the temporal lobe (seen by lateral view on the brain)

23
Q

cerebellum (location)

A

under the occipital lobe (medial view on the brain)

24
Q

Neocortex

A

rational or thinking brain

-> on top of the brain

25
Q

Neocortex

A

rational or thinking brain (inhibitry control)

-> on top of the brain

26
Q

repetilian brain

A

instrinctual or dinosaur brain

-> on top of the brain part going down the neck

27
Q

lateral and medial view (distinguish)

A

Lateral is from the side; medial is towards the midline

28
Q

limbic system

A
  • a series of cortical structures surrounding the boundary between the cerebral hemispheres and the brainstem
    OR
    a group of subcortical structures (such as the hypothalamus, the hippocampus, and the amygdala) of the brain that are concerned especially with emotion and motivation
29
Q

direct pathway (basal ganglia)

A

promotes movement (disinhibition of thalamus)

30
Q

indirect pathway (basal ganglia)

A

inhibits movement (extra step - disinhibition of subthalamic nucleaus, inhibits thalamus)

31
Q

basal ganglia in motor learning

A

especially active when learning new motor skills; mapping of intentions and motor plans need to be discovered (right neurons to fire need to be found (announced))

32
Q

striatum (basal ganglia)

A
  • nucleus caudatus
  • putamen
  • > activated when cortex has intention to move (having negative effect) on palidus
33
Q

globus pallidus (basal ganglia)

A
  • interna and externa
  • > inhibited from striatum, therwith inhibits thalamus
  • > causes thalamus to become more active, causing movement in cortex again, double negativity, supression tonic inhibition
34
Q

substantia nigra (basal ganglia)

A
  • compacta and reticulata

- > parses reticulata, tonically active

35
Q

subthalamic nucleus (basal ganglia)

A

major part of the subthalamus

36
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • densely connected to cortex
  • connetced to spinal cord and vestibular system (remaining good posture)
  • giving densed in- and output
  • adjusts behaviors while those are executed
  • > error correction; producing smooth movements (dental nucleous (deep structure) outputs back to motor cortex; for final movement adjustments)
37
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • densely connected to cortex
  • connetced to spinal cord and vestibular system (remaining good posture)
  • giving densed in- and output
  • adjusts behaviors while those are executed
    -> error correction; producing smooth movements (dental nucleous (deep structure) outputs back to motor cortex; for final movement adjustments)
    (does not store memory but stores capacity to compare in- and output)
38
Q

cerebellum and cognition

A
  • always active (the more errors to correct, the more active)
  • > more automated skills need less cerebellum
  • also corrects cognition errors; going beyond motor learning
39
Q

Hippocampus

A

in brain stem; for declarative consious memories such as facts

40
Q

subcortical motor disease

A
  1. M1; paralysis, unable to move certain body parts
  2. PMC: deficiency in cue-based sequencing behavior
  3. SMA: deficiency in self-generated sequences
  4. subcortical area: changes in goal-directedness/smoothness of motro behavior (ex. Parkinson, Huntingtons, Tourette)
41
Q

subcortical motor disease

A
  1. M1; paralysis, unable to move certain body parts
  2. PMC: deficiency in cue-based sequencing behavior
  3. SMA: deficiency in self-generated sequences
  4. subcortical motor area: changes in goal-directedness/smoothness of motro behavior (ex. Parkinson, Huntingtons, Tourette)
42
Q

Parkinson (disease) - what is it?

A

neurodegenerative disease, problems with movements, problem in substantia nigra (cells dying off, cannot be retained), no dopamine production anymore (needed neurotransmitter for movement) - cannot be cured by just giving dopamine, since this cannot cross the BBB

  • > reduction of dopamine input from substantia nigra to striatum, less dissinhibition in direct pathway, overactive inidirect pathway, effect on thalamus in motor cortex slower, resulting in less movement
  • > brain can accommodate for dopamine loss to a certain extend (neuroplasticity)
43
Q

components of Parkinson

A
  1. Tremors: involuntary movement in resting state
  2. akinesia: reduced reflexes
  3. cogwheel rigidity: start/stop movement
  4. distributed posture: postural impairment
  5. cognitive slowing: slowed down thinking process
44
Q

Where is dopamine produced?

A

midbrain, basal ganglia

45
Q

Role of dopamine in learning

A
  • reinforcement learning/learning from (un)expected outcomes (expectation meeting the output?)
  • teaching signal (reward-prediciton-error)
  • > matching memory on what has been done to incoming reward
46
Q

Rescorla-Wagner learning rule (prediction errors)

A

strongest learning when outcome is of greates surprise (biggest trigger)
(outcome - expectation = prediction error)
-> when outcome and expectation macth the prediciton error is zero and no updating of the associations need to be done
-> paying attention to changes (updating policy)
(beta as learning rate; usually higher learning rate at the beginning)
-> dopamine acts as prediciton error signal

47
Q

dopamine as PE signal

A
  • unexpected reward occurs, firing rate increases
  • cue predicts reward fully, firing rate increases
  • outcome lower than expected, firing rate decreases
48
Q

nucleaus accumbens

A

reward system in the brain

-> dopamine as motivational center of the brain

49
Q

Treating Parkinson

A
  • L-Dopa: can cross BBB, targets unspecificially

- deep brain stimulation: more specific, strenghten/decrease indirect pathway (can stop tremors)

50
Q

Huntington (disease) - what is it?

A

neurons dying in the brain, inhibitory cells in caudate nucleus, loss of controlled movements, thoughts and emotions, herritable disease

  • > problem with indirect pathway (cells of striatum, caudate nucleus, affected (inhibitory cells))
  • > hyperactive indirect pathway, reduced inhibtion of thalamus, excessive activation of motor cortex
51
Q

Huntington - disease expressions (forms)

A
  1. Tourette (involuntary, repetitive movements)
    - > echolalia (speech repetition)
    - > coprolalia (offensive speech)
    - > can be treated with dopamine recpetor antagonist
  2. tardive dyskinesia (repetitive muscle contradictions)
    - > occurs by people taking antipsychotic medication
52
Q

BCI

A

brain computer interface

-> encoding brain activity from any user

Cognitive Neuroscience (6 decks)

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