Lecture 5 Flashcards
4 components in blood?
Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets, plasma.
Four blood types?
A, AB, B, O.
What are responsible for the ABO blood types?
Two antigens, two antibodies.
Who were blood groups discovered by, and when?
Karl Landsteiner, 1900.
Antibodies to ???-???? antigens are present in blood.
Non-self.
How can ABO type be determined?
By using anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
Whether agglutination occurs indicates ABO type.
Which chromosome contains genes responsible for blood type?
Chromosome 9.
If a person with type A blood receives a transfusion of type B blood, what happens?
anti-B antibodies recognise as foreign, and agglutinate introduced red cells.
Can incompatible blood transfusions result in death?
Yes.
Which blood type is a universal donor, and which is a universal receiver?
O = universal donor. AB = universal receiver.
8 steps in path of blood flow?
- Deoxygenated blood enters R.A. from body.
- Blood enters R.V.
- Blood enters pulmonary artery.
- Oxygenation of blood in lungs.
- Blood enters L.A. via pulmonary veins
- Blood enters L.V.
- Oxygenated blood pumped to Aorta.
- Oxygen leaves blood, enters tissues.
Are arteries large/small?
… thick/thin?
… elastic/rigid?
Large diameter.
Thick.
Elastic walls.
Are veins large/small?
… thick/thin?
… valves/no valves?
Large diameter.
Thin.
One-way valves.
Which blood vessel contains no smooth muscle?
Capillaries.
Why are arteries large and elastic?
Act as pressure reservoirs for smooth flow of blood.
Which blood vessel is covered with rings of smooth muscle, to regulate blood flow?
Arteriole.
Which blood vessel is well innervated?
Arteriole.
Which blood vessel is thin walled, and highly permeable to several groups of molecules?
Capillaries.
What 5 things are capillaries permeable to?
H2O, CO2, O2, sugars, amino acids.
What is the auricle?
Outer (expandable) part of the atrium.
Where does the right heart pump blood to?
Lungs.
Where does the left heart pump blood to?
Body.
What do the atrioventricular (AV) valves separate, and what are they supported by?
Atria from the ventricles.
Supported by chordae tendinae and papillary muscles.
Two types of AV valve?
Bicuspid valve. (B) (mitral valve)
Tricuspid valve. (T)
What do semilunar valves separate?
Ventricles from arteries.
Two types of semilunar valve?
Pulmonary valve. (P)
Aortic valve. (A)
Are the semilunar valves always closed when the atrioventricular valves are open, and vice versa?
Not always, but normally.
What does isovolumetric mean?
Brief interval when all valves are closed.
What 5 things does the cardiac cycle include?
Pump cycle. Valve opening and closure. Pressure changes. Volume changes. Heart sounds.
What does the pump cycle include?
Systole (ventricular contraction (ejection)),
Diastole (ventricular relaxation (filling)).
3 stages of pump cycle?
- ) Both atria and ventricles relaxed. Venous return to heart = ventricular filling. (Semilunar valves closed due to back pressure).
- ) Atria contract, driving more blood into ventricles.
- ) Ventricles contract, driving blood into arteries. (AV valves closed, semilunar valves open).
What happens mid-to-late diastole?
Venous return, ventricles fill. In late phase, atria contract.
What happens early systole?
Ventricles contract, AV valves close. (isovolumetric contraction).
What happens mid-to-late systole?
Ventricular ejection through open semilunar valves.
What happens early diastole?
Semilunar valves close (isovolumetric relaxation).
How are the two heart sounds described?
lub (S1)
dub (S2).
What is S1 caused by?
Turbulent flow of blood against closed AV valves.
What is S2 caused by?
Turbulent flow of blood against closed semilunar valves.
What is end systolic volume (ESV) and end diastolic volume (EDV)?
ESV = minimum ventricular volume. EDV = maximum ventricular volume.
What is stroke volume (SV), and how is it calculated?
EDV-ESV. Amount of blood ejected/beat.
