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BIOL 125 > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

4 components in blood?

A

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets, plasma.

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2
Q

Four blood types?

A

A, AB, B, O.

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3
Q

What are responsible for the ABO blood types?

A

Two antigens, two antibodies.

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4
Q

Who were blood groups discovered by, and when?

A

Karl Landsteiner, 1900.

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5
Q

Antibodies to ???-???? antigens are present in blood.

A

Non-self.

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6
Q

How can ABO type be determined?

A

By using anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

Whether agglutination occurs indicates ABO type.

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7
Q

Which chromosome contains genes responsible for blood type?

A

Chromosome 9.

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8
Q

If a person with type A blood receives a transfusion of type B blood, what happens?

A

anti-B antibodies recognise as foreign, and agglutinate introduced red cells.

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9
Q

Can incompatible blood transfusions result in death?

A

Yes.

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10
Q

Which blood type is a universal donor, and which is a universal receiver?

A 
O = universal donor.
AB = universal receiver.
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11
Q

8 steps in path of blood flow?

A
  • Deoxygenated blood enters R.A. from body.
  • Blood enters R.V.
  • Blood enters pulmonary artery.
  • Oxygenation of blood in lungs.
  • Blood enters L.A. via pulmonary veins
  • Blood enters L.V.
  • Oxygenated blood pumped to Aorta.
  • Oxygen leaves blood, enters tissues.
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12
Q

Are arteries large/small?
… thick/thin?
… elastic/rigid?

A

Large diameter.
Thick.
Elastic walls.

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13
Q

Are veins large/small?
… thick/thin?
… valves/no valves?

A

Large diameter.
Thin.
One-way valves.

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14
Q

Which blood vessel contains no smooth muscle?

A

Capillaries.

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15
Q

Why are arteries large and elastic?

A

Act as pressure reservoirs for smooth flow of blood.

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16
Q

Which blood vessel is covered with rings of smooth muscle, to regulate blood flow?

A

Arteriole.

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17
Q

Which blood vessel is well innervated?

A

Arteriole.

18
Q

Which blood vessel is thin walled, and highly permeable to several groups of molecules?

A

Capillaries.

19
Q

What 5 things are capillaries permeable to?

A

H2O, CO2, O2, sugars, amino acids.

20
Q

What is the auricle?

A

Outer (expandable) part of the atrium.

21
Q

Where does the right heart pump blood to?

A

Lungs.

22
Q

Where does the left heart pump blood to?

A

Body.

23
Q

What do the atrioventricular (AV) valves separate, and what are they supported by?

A

Atria from the ventricles.

Supported by chordae tendinae and papillary muscles.

24
Q

Two types of AV valve?

A

Bicuspid valve. (B) (mitral valve)

Tricuspid valve. (T)

25
Q

What do semilunar valves separate?

A

Ventricles from arteries.

26
Q

Two types of semilunar valve?

A

Pulmonary valve. (P)

Aortic valve. (A)

27
Q

Are the semilunar valves always closed when the atrioventricular valves are open, and vice versa?

A

Not always, but normally.

28
Q

What does isovolumetric mean?

A

Brief interval when all valves are closed.

29
Q

What 5 things does the cardiac cycle include?

A 
Pump cycle.
Valve opening and closure.
Pressure changes.
Volume changes.
Heart sounds.
30
Q

What does the pump cycle include?

A

Systole (ventricular contraction (ejection)),

Diastole (ventricular relaxation (filling)).

31
Q

3 stages of pump cycle?

A
  1. ) Both atria and ventricles relaxed. Venous return to heart = ventricular filling. (Semilunar valves closed due to back pressure).
  2. ) Atria contract, driving more blood into ventricles.
  3. ) Ventricles contract, driving blood into arteries. (AV valves closed, semilunar valves open).
32
Q

What happens mid-to-late diastole?

A

Venous return, ventricles fill. In late phase, atria contract.

33
Q

What happens early systole?

A

Ventricles contract, AV valves close. (isovolumetric contraction).

34
Q

What happens mid-to-late systole?

A

Ventricular ejection through open semilunar valves.

35
Q

What happens early diastole?

A

Semilunar valves close (isovolumetric relaxation).

36
Q

How are the two heart sounds described?

A

lub (S1)

dub (S2).

37
Q

What is S1 caused by?

A

Turbulent flow of blood against closed AV valves.

38
Q

What is S2 caused by?

A

Turbulent flow of blood against closed semilunar valves.

39
Q

What is end systolic volume (ESV) and end diastolic volume (EDV)?

A 
ESV = minimum ventricular volume.
EDV = maximum ventricular volume.
40
Q

What is stroke volume (SV), and how is it calculated?

A

EDV-ESV. Amount of blood ejected/beat.

BIOL 125 (11 decks)

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