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BIOL 125 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

4 principal parts of the brain?

A

Brain stem,
Cerebellum,
Diencephalon,
Cerebrum.

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2
Q

What does the brainstem continue from?

A

Spinal cord.

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3
Q

What does the brainstem control?

A

Respiratory and cardiovascular systems, swallowing, vomiting.

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4
Q

Where is the cerebellum located in relation to the brain stem?

A

Behind the brain stem.

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5
Q

What does the cerebellum coordinate?

What does it maintain?

A

movement, balance, posture.

Muscle tone.

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6
Q

What are the 2 principal parts of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus.

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7
Q

Where is the diencephalon located in relation to the brain stem?

A

Above brain stem.

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8
Q

Where is the diencephalon located in relation to the brain stem?

A

Above brain stem.

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9
Q

What does the diencephalon detect?

A

Touch/pressure/pain, hot/cold, sound, taste, smell, thirst, sleep patterns.

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10
Q

Where is the cerebrum located, and how well is it developed in humans?

A

Surrounding the diencephalon.

Very well developed in humans.

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11
Q

What four areas does the cerebrum feature?

A

Sensory, motor, association areas, and visual cortex.

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12
Q

What 3 things is the association area responsible for?

A

Intelligence, memory, emotions.

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13
Q

What does the outside of the cerebrum consist of? What about the inside?

A 
Grey matter/cortex (neuronal cell bodies, dendrites).
White matter (myelinated axons).
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14
Q

The cerebrum is divided into 2 hemispheres, but what connects them?

A

Corpus callosum.

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15
Q

What 2 words describe the cerebral cortex’s physical features?

A

sulci, gyri.

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16
Q

How many lobes is each hemisphere divided into? And what are they?

A
  1. Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal.
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17
Q

Where are the Somatosensory areas located?

A

Anterior parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex.

18
Q

Where are the Motor areas located?

A

Posteror frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex.

19
Q

Are the association areas limited to one lobe in the cerebral cortex?

A

No, several.

20
Q

Where do neurons receive information?

A

Dendrites.

21
Q

How is information transmitted along axons?

A

Electrochemical signals/action potentials.

22
Q

Is the lipid bilayer impermeable to Na+ and K+?

A

Yes.

23
Q

2 types of ion channels?

A

Always open,

Gated.

24
Q

3 types of gated ion channels?

A

Mechanically-gated, ligand-gated, voltage-gated.

25
Q

What are voltage-gated ion channels involved in?

A

Generation and propagation of nerve impulses.

26
Q

What are ligand-gated ion channels involved in?

A

Neurotransmission at the synapse.

27
Q

What are mechanically-gated ion channels involved in?

A

Perception of touch.

28
Q

2 types of molecules that could be a ligand?

A

Hormone or neurotransmitter.

29
Q

What 2 forces move ions through membrane channels?

A

Chemical driving force (diffusion from region of high concentration to low)
Electrical driving force (retention of positive cations and expulsion of negative anions from negatively charged interior of cell).

30
Q

What is the electrochemical driving force a combination of, and therefore, what does it give us?

A

Chemical and electrical driving forces acting on any particular ion.
Gives us nett force.

31
Q

What is resting membrane potential of axon w.r.t. exterior?

A

-70mV.

32
Q

What is the resting membrane potential (Vm) of a nerve cell?

A

Difference in voltage across plasma membrane when cell is at rest.

33
Q

What were resting nerve potential studies initially carried out on?

A

Giant squid axon.

34
Q

What does resting membrane potential depend on?

A

Concentration gradients for multiple ions across membrane, and the relative permeability of the membrane to those ions.

35
Q

Why will Na+ enter the cell at rest?

A

15mM Na+ on the inside, 150mM Na+ on the outside, so chemical driving force acts towards the cell.
Interior of the cell is negative, so electrical driving force acts towards the cell.

36
Q

What is the equilibrium potential (E)?

A

Membrane potential required to exactly counteract chemical forces acting to move one particular ion across the membrane.

37
Q

What is the Nernst equation?

And what does E, z, Co and Ci mean?

A

E=(61/z)*log(Co/Ci)

E = equilibrium potential (mV)
z = charge (valence) of ion
Co = outside concentration of ion
Ci = inside concentration of ion
38
Q

What is ENa? And why does this

A

+60mV.

39
Q

What is ENa? And why does this cause sodium to try and enter the cell?

A

+60mV.

Greater than resting Vm. Both chemical and electric driving force act in same direction.

40
Q

What is Ek? And why does this cause potassium to try and leave the cell?

A

-94mV.

Less than resting Vm. Although chemical and electrical force act in opposite directions, chemical force is greater.

BIOL 125 (11 decks)

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