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BIOL 125 > Lecture 12 > Flashcards

Lecture 12 Flashcards

1
Q

How long is the small intestine?

A

2.5 to 3 metres long.

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2
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine, from front to back?

A

Duodenum (first 30cm),
jejenum,
ileum.

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3
Q

What does the duodenum receive from the …stomach?
… pancreas?
…liver and gallbladder?

A

Chyme.
Enzymes.
Bile.

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4
Q

What function is the duodenum responsible for?

A

Digestion.

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5
Q

Which regions in the small intestine absorb nutrients, water, vitamins, minerals?

A

All 3.

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6
Q

What secretes copious amounts of bicarbonate-rich fluid into the stomach?

A

Crypts of Liberkuhn.

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7
Q

Do the cells in mucosa form villi in the stomach?

A

Yes.

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8
Q

Do villi have capillaries and lymphatic vessels?

A

Yes.

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9
Q

What is the total surface area available for digestion and absorption due to villi and microvilli?

A

300m^2.

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10
Q

What is associated with the brush border (microvilli) in the stomach?

A

Digestive enzymes (lactase, maltase, sucrase, nucleases, peptidases etc.)

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11
Q

How long is the pancreas, and how much does it weigh?

A

About 20cm long, weighs 100g.

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12
Q

What do acinar cells make, and where are they found?

A

Digestive enzymes, bicarbonate.

Found in the pancreas.

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13
Q

Where are digestive enzymes synthesised in the pancreas released?

A

Duodenum, via secretory duct.

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14
Q

What 4 zymogens are produced in the pancreas?

A

Chymotrypsin, Trypsin, Carboxypeptidase, Elastase.

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15
Q

What type of cell is an acinar cell?

A

Exocrine cell.

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16
Q

What 5 active enzymes are secreted by acinar cells in the pancreas?

A

Pancreatic amylase, lipase, proteases, DNase, RNase.

17
Q

What do Islets of Langerhans synthesise, and what type of cell are they?

A

Synthesises hormones to secrete into the blood.

Endocrine cells.

18
Q

What 3 types of cells are found in the islets of langerhans?
And what is produced by each one of these cells?

A

β-cells : insulin
α-cells : glucagon
δ-cells : somatostatin.

19
Q

Where are monosaccharides, amino acids, electrolytes, water transported to in the body from the small intestine?

A

Transported to blood capillaries of villi, then to liver via mesenteric veins, then hepatic portal vein.

20
Q

What do bile salts do to fats? And why?

A

Emulsifies fats into micelles (small droplets). Makes them susceptible to digestion by pancreatic lipase.

21
Q

What happens to fatty acids and monoglycerides?

A

Converted into chylomicrons, which enter lymphatic capillary system. This drains into blood via left subclavian vein in neck.

22
Q

What does the liver make, and where are these products stored?

A

Bile pigments and bile salts. Stored in gall bladder.

23
Q

What dos the liver do generally?

A

Detoxifies absorbed materials, regulates blood composition, and blood glucose levels (glycogen).

24
Q

How does the liver contribute to blood plasma?

A

Produces many of the proteins.

25
Q

What stimulates the conversion of glucose to glycogen?

A

Insulin.

26
Q

What stimulates the conversion of glycogen to glucose?

A

Glucagon.

27
Q

How would you describe bile salts chemically?

A

Amphipathic, cholesterol derivatives.

28
Q

Bile salts are recirculated. What is the pathway?

A

Ileum, capillaries, hepatic portal vein, liver, common bile duct, duodenum…

29
Q

How are chylomicrons formed?

A

Fatty acids and monoglycerides from fat digestion absorbed and synthesised into triglycerides.
These are then packed into chylomicrons by golgi apparatus.

30
Q

What happens after exocytosis to chylomicrons?

A

Enter lacteals, then into lymphatic system.

31
Q

How long is the colon, and where is it located?

A

Last metre of GI tract.

32
Q

What 4 parts comprise the colon? (start to end)

A

Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid.

33
Q

Does digestion and absorption happen in the colon?

A

No digestion, little absorption.

34
Q

What happens in the first 3 segments of the colon?

A

Water absorption and inorganic ions.

35
Q

What is the storage colon used as?

A

Storage depot.

36
Q

How many anal sphincters are there, and what is each called?

A

2.

Rectum and anus.

37
Q

At what kind of pH are digestive enzymes in the intestine most active at?

A

Slightly alkaline pH.

38
Q

What are the 3 phases in the regulation of gastric secretion? How long does each take?

A

Cephalic/Reflex phase. (few minutes)
Gastric phase. (few hours)
Intestinal phase. (brief)

39
Q

What happens in cephalic phase?

A

Nervous system stimulates salivary and gastric secretions in response to aroma, taste, sight, thought of food.

BIOL 125 (11 decks)

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