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BIOL 125 > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 things essential physiological processes require?

A

Energy, raw materials.

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2
Q

What can autotrophs and heterotrophs subsist on?

A

Aututrophs - inorganic nutrients alone.

Heterotrophs - complex organic compounds from other organisms.

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3
Q

What 6 nutrients are required?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, inorganic salts, water.

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4
Q

How much energy is released by protein, lipids and carbohydrates per gram?

A

Carbohydrates: 17kJ/g.
Lipids: 22 kJ/g.
Proteins: 39kJ/g.

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5
Q

5 functions of water?

A

Solvent, transportation, hydrostatic support (e.g. eyeball), evaporative cooling, cleaning agent (e.g. eyes).

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6
Q

What are the 8 essential amino acids that must be obtained from food?

A

Trp, Met, Val, Thr, Phe, Leu, Ile, Lys.

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7
Q

How much energy (x10^6J/day) is required for light work (woman), light work (man), medium work (man) and heavy work (man)?

A
  1. 5,
  2. 5
  3. 3
  4. 9
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8
Q

How many calories is 1 joule?

A

0.239 calories.

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9
Q

How much water is lost per day? (and therefore must be consumed)

A

2.5l.

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10
Q

How long is the GI tract?

A

4.5m.

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11
Q

What 3 basic digestive processes occur in the GI tract?

A

digestion, absorption, motility.

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12
Q

What word describes the way muscle moves food along GI tract?

A

Peristaltic.

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13
Q

What digestive process occurs in Accessory glands?

A

Secretion.

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14
Q

What 4 glands make up accessory glands?

A

Salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gall bladder.

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15
Q

What are the 8 digestive organs that food passes through in the digestive system?

A

Mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, anus.

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16
Q

Three functions of the mouth in digestion?

A

Mechanical breakdown,
Mixing food with saliva,
Initiation of chemical digestion of carbohydrates by salivary amylase.

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17
Q

4 layers of GI tract surrounding the lumen, from inside to outside.

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis(circular layer, longitudinal layer), serosa.

18
Q

What 3 layers is the mucosa made of?

A

Mucous membrane,
Lamina propria, (CT, capillaries, nerves, lymphoid tissue),
Muscularis mucosae.

19
Q

What is the submucosa made of?

A

connective tissue, blood, lymphatic vessels.

20
Q

What is the series made up of?

A

Connective tissue.

21
Q

What layers of the GI tract does the nerve plexus span?

A

Submucosa to serosa.

22
Q

What are the epithelial cells in mucous membrane of mucosa called?

A

Absorptive cells, exocrine cells, goblet cells, endocrine cells.

23
Q

What are the 3 salivary glands?

A

parotid gland, sublingual gland, submandibular gland.

24
Q

How much saliva is secreted by salivary glands per minute?

A

0.5ml/min.

25
Q

What 2 enzymes are secreted by the salivary glands?

A

Salivary amylase, lingual lipase.

26
Q

What does salivary amylase digest?

A

Glycogen and starch.

27
Q

What are the 6 other functions of saliva (apart from digestion)?

A 
Lubrication, 
Buffering and diluting noxious substances,
Antibiotic action,
Taste,
Clean teeth,
Fluoride, calcium uptake into teeth.
28
Q

How long is the oesophagus, and what type of muscle does it consist of?

A

25cm long.

Upper 1/3rd skeletal muscle, lower 2/3rds smooth muscle.

29
Q

What does the oesophagus connect?

A

Pharynx to stomach.

30
Q

Which sphincters are usually closed in the oesophagus?

A

Upper and lower oesophageal sphincters.

31
Q

What causes heartburn?

A

Back flow up oesophageal sphincters.

32
Q

What is the stomach’s minimum and maximum volumes roughly?

A

~50mls to 1-2 litres.

33
Q

What cells do gastric glands in the stomach contain, and what do they secrete?

A

Parietal cells, (secrete HCl)

Chief cells, (secrete pepsinogen).

34
Q

How much HCl can be secreted in the stomach in one day, and at what concentration/pH?

A

2 litres HCl/day.

10mM A.K.A pH2.

35
Q

What is a zymogen?

A

An inactive substance converted into an enzyme when activated by another enzyme.

36
Q

What’s secreted from the neck cells in the stomach?

A

Mucus.

37
Q

What coagulates milk and is found in the stomach?

A

Rennin.

38
Q

What is the mechanism for gastric acid secretion?

A

H+ ions made from CO2 and water from carbonic anhydrase, actively transported into lumen in exchange for K+.
Bicarbonate ions exchanged for chloride ions, diffuse into lumen.
Causes accumulation of HCl in lumen.

39
Q

How is chymotripsinogen activated?

A

Tripsin converts it into π-Chymotripsin.

Chymotrypsin then converts π-chymotripsin into α-chymotrypsin, removing 2 dipeptides in the process.

40
Q

What activates pepsinogen?

A

HCl and a current pepsin, creating pepsin.

41
Q

What does pepsin do?

A

Degrade proteins into smaller polypeptides.

BIOL 125 (11 decks)

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