Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Growth Exam 1 > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

postural reactions occur as a response to

A

the experience of gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

sequential

A

across cultures, despite individual differences

timing may differ but it still occurs within the same order

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cephalocaudal

A

development occurs from head to foot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

proximodistally

A

development occurs from proximal to distal

proximal stability leads to distal mobility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

stability & mobility

A

the relationship between these is postural control

proximal stability leads to distal mobility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

sensory input affects motor output

A

first movements are reflexive, initiated by sensation & become voluntary with experience (foundation for all motor & development control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how does hand development occur????

A

ulnarly to radially

refinement occurs as development goes further distally

why ulnar grasp occurs first & why babies use WHOLE hand to palm something

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

somatosensory

A

body scheme – internal sensory system

includes: tactile, proprioception, vestibular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

tactile

A

touch — light touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

proprioception

A

unconscious awareness of sensation coming from one’s joints, muscles, tendons & ligaments “the positioning sense”

activated by movement – using force

ex of dysfunction: maddie picks up water cup too fast & it spills everywhere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

vestibular

A

sensory input received by the inner ear, regarding: head position, movement & balance

coordinated movement

    • responsible for sense of arousal – why we rock a baby to sleep
    • responsible for 2 handed crossing of midline
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

sight @ 1 month

A
  • discerning faces (1 mo old babies can distinguish momma face from strangers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

sight at 3 months

A

baby can distinguish momma from stranger based on face alone

pupils react to light
bright lights appear to be unpleasant to newborn
allows object in line of vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

sight during the first couple of months (colors)

A

can distinguish patterns

respond to blacks & reds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

sight @ 5 or 6 months

A

babies can discern colors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

sight at 6 months

A

baby can see a few feet away (20/100)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

sight at 8 months

A

baby can see across room (20/60)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

depth perception – visual cliff experiment

3 month old babies

A

heartbeat decreases at ledge —

this can conclude that babies don’t understand the concept of depth perception at this point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

depth perception – visual cliff experiment – 6 month old babies

A

heartbeat increases at ledge — babies would not cross it, although some did when momma prompted them too

THIS SHOWS WE HAVE DEPTH PERCEPTION!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

when are ordinary sounds heard

A

in utero — well before 10 days of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

newborn responds to sounds by

A

crying
eye movement
stopping activity – startle reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

sounds @ 1 month old

A

babies distinguish between the smallest variations in sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

sounds @ 6 months old

A

development of ability to understand and make sounds necessary for language structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

smell @ 1 day old

A

distinguish between some smells

smell milk @ nipple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

smell at 1.5 months old

A

infants can distinguish smell of mother vs strangers

leave something with mommas smell on it keep baby comfy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

taste – newborns taste preferences

A

prefer sweet & salty —

dislike bitter tasting things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

taste development in utero

A

lick placenta wall - maybe helped to develop a sense of taste at birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

touch & babies

A

born with well developed sense of touch — overtime they use this most

  • primary means of exploration
  • most developed sense @ birth
  • greatest sensitivity at fingertips/mouth
  • provides internal information regarding the self & continues to body image
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

reflex

A

predictable stereotyped involuntary response to a given stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

the cerebellum is where

A

sensory integration occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

cerebrum is where

A

voluntary control of cognitive center & the need to build the best controlled movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

primitive reflexes

A

predictable motor behaviors present at birth

1) SPECIFIC DURATION- emerge in utero…inhibited/cntrld by higher brain centers at 6-12 months to allow for more sophisticated neural structures to develop — allows for voluntary motor control —–correlates with the acquisition of motor skills
2) SPECIFIC FUNCTION- survival, protection, nutrition, subsequent motor dev

3) CAUSE FOR CONCERN WHEN IRREGULAR
- neurological integrity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Assessment of primitive reflex

A

tool for: diagnosis, treatment planning, measuring progress

stimulate primitive reflexes & look at expected response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

infant assessment of primitive reflexes

A

not present, asymmetrical, may be indicative of CNS insult/pathology (leision, structural problem etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

AT 1 YEAR IF PRIMITIVE REFLEX IS NOT INTEGRATED (still present) that may suggest

A

1) CNS pathology - (CP, leison, structural problem)

2) neurodevelopment delay- (NDD, processing immaturatity- ADHD, ASD, LD, dyslexia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

persistence of primitive reflex will limit

A

volitional motor control – atypical motor behavior patterns (coordination/posture), impede motor (strength/refinement) and sensory development, affect development of postural reflexes – cause immature patterns to remain prevalent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

BOTTOM UP treatment of primitive reflexes

A

remediation!!

  • facilitate typical movement patterns –> inhibit reflexes & improve motor control to achieve functional skill/performance
  • knowing what reflex is retained helps therapist make sense of functional limitations, plan for appropriate treatment activities

FIX FOUNDATIONAL ISSUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

TOP DOWN treatment of primitive reflexes

A

task modification!!

use a retained reflex to perform a functional skill

more common with CNS pathologies

ex: have a child with CP bunny hop for mobility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

progression of treating primitive reflexes

A

we can easily re-evaluate for the presence of a reflex

– progress is based on decreased reflex intensity, complete reflex integration, improved volitional motor control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

palmar grasp - what does it look like & typical age

A

palm is stimulated
- 4 fingers not the thumb close

duration - 5 months gestation & 4 months postpartum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

function of palmar grasp

A

survival - hold onto parent in case of danger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

concerns w palmar grasp

A

no palmar grasp - indicative of neurological problems

persists after 4 months old- impact grasp patterns & fine motor coordination - also causes oral motor overflow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

assessment of palmar grasp

A

stimulate palm= look for finger movements

44
Q

rooting reflex - what does it look like & typical age

A

touch cheek– baby turns head towards stimuli

starts 24-28 wks gestation until baby is 3 to 4 months old

45
Q

function of rooting reflex

A
  • nutrition/feeding
    conditions baby to turn towards food once they have head control
  • co-occurs with the sucking reflex
46
Q

concerns associated with rooting reflex

A

absence of this: impedes nutrition/feeding
- sign of CNS or sensorimotor dysfunction

if this reflex doesn’t go away after normal dev– may result in immature oral muscle development, & it will impact: swallowing/drooling, feeding, speech, articulation, manual dexterity

47
Q

movements of the mouth cause

A

movements of the hand

48
Q

moro reflex – what it looks like & what age it occurs at

A
  • stimulated by sudden, unexpected occurrence of any kind (light, sound, touch, movement)
  • startle - body extension, inhalation, followed by flexion & exhalation (crying)
  • duration - 9 to 32 weeks gestation until 2-4 months old
49
Q

function of the moro reflex

A

protection- facilitates 1st breath at birth, opens windpipe in case suffocation threat, acts as primitive flight or flight response

begins building middling, awareness of self to others

50
Q

what replaces the moro reflex

A

the adult startle reflex

flexion away from source of threat

51
Q

concerns of moro reflex if the reflex is retained:

A
  • high arousal SMD
  • hypersensitity
  • hyperreactivity
  • poor impulse control
  • lack of habituation/can’t ignore periphery
  • sensory overload
  • anxiety (due to stress hormones presence)
  • stimuus bound/heightened state of alert
  • labile emotions
  • emotional social maturity
  • poor adaptability
  • allergies and poor immune function
52
Q

vestibular activated position- PATIENT ASSESSMENT FOR MORO

A

POSITION standing in bodybuilder position - hands up, elbows, wrists, fingers flexed
PROCEDURE move head backwards
EXPECTATION maintain body builder position
DEFICIT startle, arm extension, protect head in space, gravitational insecurity rigidity, anxiety

53
Q

spinal galant reflex — what it looks like and the duration it occurs during

A
  • stimulated by tapping parallel to the spine
  • lateral trunk flexion & hip rotation towards the stimulated side
  • duration 20 wks utero to 3 to 9 months old
54
Q

function of the spinal galant reflex

A

may assist birthing process

55
Q

concerns of spinal galant

A

retained: easily stimulated by pants or the back of a chair making it difficult for the child to sit still

unilateral retainment= postural asymmetries will occur

56
Q

tonic labyrinthine reflex (TLR) what does it look like?? how long duration??

A
  • stimulated by a change in head position
  • TLR forwards - head flexion w/ body flexion (fetal position) (12wks in utero - 3 to 4 mo old)
  • TLR backwards- head extension w/body extension (present at birth – integrates gradually between 6 wks old & 3 y/o)
57
Q

function of TLR

A

primitive response to gravity

helps develop the extremes of flexor and extensor tone, postural stability & balance STNR & landau help integrated this reflex

58
Q

concerns of TLR

A

if retained it impacts posture (stooped, toe walking - causes an anterior visual shift), balance (otoliths) imedes spatial and perceptual development, muscle tone, head righting (impairs eye movements), motion sickness

59
Q

TLR assessment

A

ability to assume antigravity flexion/extension without head going into floor

in standing - look up/down without knees flexing/extending

60
Q

ATNR – what does it look like? duration of time???

A
  • stimulated in prone/supine/quadruped – turning the head to the side
  • then the limbs flex on the skull side and extending on face side

lack of control over body…. especially at distal extremities

61
Q

function of ATNR

A

facilitates movement in utero, assists in birth process, develops one sided body movement, ensures a free airway if placed on tummy, trains hand eye coordination, facilitates lateral weight shifts & bilateral body awareness

FACILITATES HAND EYE COORDINATION*

62
Q

concerns of ATNR

A 
balance
crossing midline/mixed hand dominance
bilateral integration
visual motor skills
handwriting
horizontal tracking IE READING, AND WRITING CROOKED
visual midline crossing convergence
63
Q

horizontal tracking

A

common with ATNR ABNORMAL

  • left eye can follow left hand and right eye can follow right eye
64
Q

STNR

A

stimulated in quadruped - flex or extend neck

in response:
flex neck- which causes arms to flex & legs to extend
extend neck- which causes arms to extend and legs to flex

65
Q

STNR duration

A

emerges at 6-9 months once the TLR is integrative

inhibited at 9 - 11 months once crawling occurs

66
Q

STNR function

A

helps infant to defy gravity and get into quadruped

breaks up TLR - train mergence and vertical tracking

67
Q

concerns with STNR

A
  • prevents crawling on hands and knees (scooting instead)
  • decreases development of hand arches and upper body strength
    decreased pelvic & shoulder stability
    decreased reciprocal bilateral skills
    poor posture/slump at desk
    lie on desk
    poor binocular adjustments
    difficulty copying from afar
    poor upper/lower body coordination
    poor convergence/divergence
    visual midline crossing
68
Q

postural reactions

A
  • automatic response to sensory input that act to keep the body parts in alignment, adjusting ourselves against gravity when shifting off center, preventing injury
  • PERSIST THROUGH LIFE
  • essential to dynamic and static balance
69
Q

children w/o volition control of the body

A

are exhausted at school

difficulty processing school work
while trying to inhibit their reflexes when they are integrated & why it relates to volitional motor development

70
Q

righting reactions

A

adjustment of the head & trunk

automatic postural responses elicited by sensory input that signals that the head or trunk is not in midline

71
Q

labyrinthine righting reaction

A

stimulus- sitting or in vertical suspension - tilt the child gently from side to side or front to back

  • the head will move in the direction opposite of the tilt to maintain the head in line with body
  • 0 to 2 months old this emerges

purpose= optical righting reaction needed to orient to space when rolling, sitting, creeping, walking

72
Q

body on head righting reaction

A

stimulus- touch and proprioception when body is on support surface (supine or tummy time)
response- head vertical mouth horizontal

purpose: prevent suffocation - provides head control for sitting, crawling, locomotion
age- birth to 2 months
matures by 4-5 months prone & 5-6 months supine

73
Q

neck on body righting reaction

A

stimulus- in supine: rotate child’s head to one side

response- body rotates w/ dissociation (SEPERATE PARTS MOVING) & segmental rotation head–>neck–>UE–>LE

  • — this correlates with certain muscle development
    age: 4-6 months

integration- 5 y/o

purpose- organized oration around body axis - baby can roll from supine to prone

74
Q

body on body righting

A

stimulus- supine flex & rotate child’s hip to one side
response- child rotates: pelvis –> UE –>head & rolls over to align body

age- 4-5 mo
integration- 5 yrs
purpose- body alignment - 2-3 y/o child uses sidesit to get up - 4-5 y/o child no longer needs to do sidesit therefore this reaction isn’t useful at 5

75
Q

landau reflex

A

body righting in a sagittal plane

stimulus- support child in prone. horizontal with hands under thorax – observe head, back and legs
response- neck & back extension, LE extension/abduction, scapular retraction, forearm pronation

age- 3 to 4 mo integration- 12 to 24 mo

purpose- breaks up flexion dominance, assists in head extension & postural transition

76
Q

PROTECTIVE REACTIONS extension of limbs when balance is challenged is

A
  • there to break/prevent fall
  • elicited by vestibular input that signals a change in head position
  • reactions are delayed or absent in persons with severe disabgilities
77
Q

protective extension forward reaction

A

stimulus- support child @ thorax, plunge head & arms down and forward

response- shoulder flexion, elbow extension, wrist extension, finger extension & abduction, positive supporting once contact made

age- 6-9 mo persists (prep for crawling/unilateral weight bearing)

purpose- protection, WB on UE, coincides w ability to reach forward & WB on arms

78
Q

protective extension sideways

A

stimulus- sitting perturb/ push child sideways, or watch child play

responsE- extension @ elbow, abduction of shoulder, extension & abudction of fingers
age - 7 to 9 months
purpose- prevent sideways falling & allows sitting w/o support

79
Q

protective extension backwards

A

STIMULUS- child sitting w/ legs in front, push him backwards
RESPONSE- extension of shoulders/elbows w extension & abduction of fingers
AGE- 9-10 months & persists on
PURPOSE= Prevent falling backwards, sitting w/o support

80
Q

equilibrium reactions are defined as

A

automatic, compensatory postural adjustments that occur in order to restore the center of gravity within the base of support

81
Q

equilibrium reactions - stim, response, age, purpose

A

STIMULUS- tilt child’s support surface to one side, then to the other. can be tested in any position
RESPONSE- move in the direction that will stop falling
AGE- changes based on the position tested in
PURPOSE- maintain posture & prevent falling

82
Q

neurodevelopment motor delays may be apparent IF: SUMMARYYY

A

1) Primitive reflexes don’t appear in the first year of life
2) Primitive reflexes appear but do not disappear by end of first year
3) postural reactions do not appear by end of first year
4) postural reactions do not persist throughout life

83
Q

head control occurs at what age

A

6 months

84
Q

newborn gross motor development

A
  • reflexive movements dominate
  • physiological flexion
  • poor head control
  • assymetric rhythmic alternating limb movements
  • total boy movements into flex/ext
  • distal isolated random movements
  • prone lifts head slightly
85
Q

1-2 mo gross motor development

A
  • purposeful movement of arms & legs
  • in prone lift head to 45 deg
  • in supported sitting, holds head erect briefly
86
Q

3 mo gross motor development

A
  • functional head/neck control emerges
  • bring hand to body from abduction
  • prone: prop forearm w sustained head elevation - reflexively falls with neck flexion
    no functional play position

supine: tucks chin
sitting: requires upper trunk support

fine motor: open/close hand, put obj in hand

87
Q

4 mo gross motor development

A

age of symmetry (midline control)

gain abdominal & paraspinal strength –> brings about lateral flexion

88
Q

4 mo gross motor development – prone

A

extension patterns develop

pivot prone = superman position (landau), head 90 deg in midline & forearms pronated &wrist slightly extended... fingers are loosely flexed
forearm weight bearing with controlled neck flexion
accidental rolling (prone-->supine)
89
Q

4 mo gross motor development – supine

A

bring hands to midline, roll to side laying when flexed & head turns

  • side lying is important b/c
  • —-weightbearing and gravity activate obliques & shape rib cage
  • —-new visual orientation
  • — new vestibular orientation
  • — asymmetric tactile & prop input
90
Q

4 mo gross motor development – sitting

A

sits 10-15 min w lower trunk support

91
Q

4 mo gross motor development – fine motor

A

brings hands together in midline and plays with fingers, swats at objects and grasps objects w both hands

92
Q

5 mo gross motor development – prone

A

center of gravity shifts caudally (bc glut development)
weight bearing thru humerus (proximal stability)
weight shifts for face-side reaching

93
Q

5 mo gross motor development – supine

A

lifts head

accidental rolling supine to side lying (b/c there is no control of flexors thanks to TLR)

94
Q

5 mo gross motor development – sitting

A

sits erect w support

95
Q

5 mo gross motor development – fine motor

A

grasp objects w/ left or right whole hand (palmar grasp) hold lone object while looking at another

96
Q

6 mo gross motor development – prone

A

lifts chest & upper abdomen off floor, moves self on floor, plays with a variety of forearm positions

97
Q

6 mo gross motor development – supine

A

holds arms & legs vertically may roll to prone, pull to sit without head lag

98
Q

6 mo gross motor development – sitting

A

sits independly w UE support

may sit briefly w/o support but easily falls

99
Q

6 mo gross motor development – standing

A

bounces around

100
Q

6 mo gross motor development – fine motor

A

full voluntary palmar grasp holds bottle

101
Q

7 mo gross motor development

A
  • prone: crawling; may begin to assume quadruped
  • supine: sufficient antigravity flexion to play with feet; rolls over 360 deg
  • sitting: ring sitting emerges; sit –> prone
  • standing: pull to stand & bear-standing emerges
102
Q

8 mo gross motor development

A
  • crawling: many diff acceptable variations
  • reciprocal extremity movements
  • forearm pronation/supination w play
  • trunk rotation & midline crossing emerge
  • long sitting & ring sitting combine, narrowing the BOS
    ring sitting & w sitting combine to produce side sitting — wide stable base of support & allow for rotation and midline crossing
103
Q

9 mo gross motor development

A
  • kneeling, tall kneeling, half kneeling

- w sitting (typical @ 9 mo, as long as child uses variety of positions — w sitting IS NOT BAD)

104
Q

10 mo gross motor development

A
  • sits from side lying
  • creeps up stairs
  • efficient crawler & climber demonstrating coordination btwn trunk/extremities & an emerging body awareness/perceptual skills with improved environmental navigation
  • kneeling w/o external support
  • standing w one hand support
  • lower from standing to squatting due to incr control of leg muscles
  • walking w 1 hand, uses exaggerated trunk ext while walking
  • swing phase of gait - characterized by extreme hip & knee flexion, followed by lumbar & knee extension
105
Q

11 mo gross motor development

A

cruising- walking holding furniture

  • controlled sitting for extended time w spinal lateral flexion & narrowed BOS
  • squatting & trying to rise w/o hand support
  • enhanced quad & hip control facilitate climbing onto furniture and controlled lower to squat
  • standing w/o support
  • improved unsupported walking
106
Q

12 mo gross motor development

A
  • quiet sitting w/ fine motor tasks
  • baby may still crawl for speed
  • climbing is activity of choice
  • independent walking
107
Q

red flags for infant development

A
  • unable to sit alone by 9 mo
  • unable to transfer objects from 1 hand to other by 1 year
  • abnormal pincer grip/grasp by 15 mo
  • unable to walk alone by 18 mo
  • failure to speak recognizable words by 2

WORRY WHEN MULTIPLE MILESTONES ARE NOT BEING MET!

Human Growth Exam 1 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions