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Human Growth Exam 1 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

As OTs we _____ our client to try to see how we can impact their _____

A

nurture;

outcome

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2
Q

Behaviorists & social learning theorists say

A

development is purely nurture

We become who we are due to what we are taught

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3
Q

Biological theorists state that development was a

A

biological process & believed that development took place through a series of genetically determined changes that take place over the course of one’s life

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4
Q

nature

A

people behave the way they do because they are animals who act in accordance with their animal instincts & are determined by their biology ie- genes, chromosomes

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5
Q

nurture

A

people behave the way they do b/c they are determined by the things other peole teach them, the things they observe around them & because of the different situations they are put in

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6
Q

the simple view of behavior

A

behavior = genes + environment

but in reality so many factors play into the way we behave & act

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7
Q

coaction

A

both heredity & environment shape human development & interact in intricate ways

  • genes do nothing without environmental input
  • environmental effects are shaped by genetic constraints
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8
Q

self regulation

A

genes turn each other on and off in response to environmental conditions

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9
Q

epigenetics

A

process by which outside factors influence how hereditary material functions; the environment acts on surface of genes to alter activity

ex- why tristan & travis look different— slight variations in genes caused them to be expressed slightly differently

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10
Q

DNA

A
  • complex molecule containing the genetic info that makes up the chromosomes
  • has two strands-forming a double helix held together by bonds between pairs of nucleotides
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11
Q

genes

A

biochemical units of heredity that make up chromosomes

- a segment of DNA, found in chromosomes in cell nuclei

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12
Q

chromosomes

A

threadlike structures made of DNA that contain genes and are found in the nucleus

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13
Q

genome

A
  • the complete instructions for making an organism

- consists of all of the genetic material in the chromosome

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14
Q

sex linked traits

A
  • traits liked to the x or y chromosomes
  • usually recessive and carried on the x
  • appear more frequently in males bc males are xy— only need to have one of them

ex: color blindness, fragile x, baldness, hemophilia

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15
Q

physical & psychological development & NATURE

A

physical maturity sets limits on the psychological ability

ex: visual system is not fully functional at birth & language system not functional until much later

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16
Q

physical & psychological development & nurture

A

prenatal & postnatal environments can have lifetime influence on health & intellectual ability

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17
Q

conception

A

sperm penetrates the ovum

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18
Q

zygote

A

a fertilized egg

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19
Q

germinal stage

A

first 2 weeks

  • conception, implantation, formation of placenta
  • zygote travels fallopian tube & cells divide & replicate
  • in uterus some cells differentiate to form the placenta
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20
Q

embryonic stage

A

2 wks- 2 months
formation of vital organs and systems
- organs & tissues differentiate during cell division
- epigenesis causes layers to form

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21
Q

fetal stage

A

2 months - birth

  • bodily growth continues, movement capacity begins, brain cells multiply
  • age of viability
  • functionality of each part begins
  • this is well you can tell the sex of the baby
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22
Q

layers of embryonic stage

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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23
Q

ectoderm

A

outer layer
nervous system
skin
hair

24
Q

mesoderm

A

middle layer
muscles
bones
circulatory system

25
Q

endoderm

A

digestive system
lungs
urinary tract
vital organs

26
Q

embryonic stage milestone - 3rd week

A

neural tube

27
Q

embryonic stage milestone - 4th week

A

heart beat

28
Q

embryonic stage milestone - 7th week

A

rudimentary skeleton

29
Q

embryonic stage milestone - 7th-8th week

A

sexual development – y chromosome triggers a reaction to produce testes otherwise ovaries result

30
Q

fetal period milestone - 3rd month

A
  • movement: cannot yet be felt by mother
  • digestive system and excretory systems functioning
  • reproductive system contains immature ova or sperm cells
31
Q

fetal period milestone - 4th to 6th months

A
  • sucking, swallowing, breathing
  • movements felt by mother
  • heart beat can be heard with stethoscope
  • sweat gland functioning
  • vernix protects skin from chapping
  • lanugo - fine hair helps vernix stick to skin
  • visual and auditory senses are functional
32
Q

fetal period milestone - 7th to 9th months

A
  • age of viability (22-28 wks) – survival outside the womb is possible
  • weight is 4 pounds (at end of 7th months)
  • 9th month activity slows - sleep increases
  • birth occurs
33
Q

Heredity diseases can occur because of

A

a function of defective genes, wrong number of chromosomes

  • defective gene alleles, eg sickle cell anemia, progeria, huntington’s disease
  • chromosomal abnormalities -trisomy 21
34
Q

tetragens

A

environmental agents that harm the fetus
eg- pollutants, infection, drugs

timing & dosage of exposure critical
causes congential defect

35
Q

maternal health

A

general health, disease, maternal age, inadequate nutrition, anxiety

36
Q

critical period

A

specific time when a given event or its absence has the greatest impact on development

37
Q

development consists of ______ then ______

A

differentiation; growth

38
Q

differentiation

A

the process in embryonic development during which unspecialized cells or tissues become specialized for particular functions

39
Q

growth

A

once the cells have differentiated the structure goes

40
Q

the critical period for prenatal defects occurs during

A

differentiation

41
Q

a baby is considered full term at _____ weeks

A

39

42
Q

trauma at birth can lead to illness such as:

A

cerebral palsy

43
Q

stroke/bleed at birth causes

A

delay

44
Q

first sensory experience is

A

at birth

this allows for some to predict many sensory issues may occur with c-section & breech babies - they will miss the coping experience involved in natural birth

45
Q

healthy prenatal development

A
  • eating a healthy diet
  • avoiding drugs & cigs
  • early & frequent medical care (prenatal)
  • reducing stress through social support and reducing interpersonal conflict
46
Q

how to help the most vulnerable (preterm & low birth weight babies)

A
  • healing touch
  • massage therapy
  • environmental accommodations
  • parental education
47
Q

how to study behavior genetics

A

adoption

twin studies

48
Q

general findings in adoption studies

A

adoptees are more like biological parents than adopted parents in terms of intelligence & personality/temperament

49
Q

despite the strong impact of genes on personality, parenting has an influence on

A

religious beliefs, values, manners, attitudes, politics, habits

50
Q

identical twins

A

develop from a single zygote that splits in 2 — creating 2 genetic replicas

51
Q

fraternal twins

A
  • develop from separate zygotes

- genetically no closer than brothers & sisters but they share the fetal environment

52
Q

studies of twins in adulthood show that identical twins are more alike than fraternal twins in:

A
  • personality: extroversion & neuroticism
  • behaviors/outcomes: such as divorce rate
  • abilities: such as overall intelligences scores
53
Q

similarities found in identical twins despite being raised in different homes

A
  • personality, styles of thinking & related
  • abilities/intelligence
  • attitudes
  • interests
  • specific fears
  • brain waves/heart rate
54
Q

genetics & intelligence

A

one cannot reach genetic potential for smartness without the proper stimulation

if its not in their genes your baby will never become a genius (no matter how hard you try)

55
Q

neuroplasticity

A

the ability of the brain to grow & take over function

ex: missing hemisphere, missing corpus collosum

56
Q

motor learning theory

A
  • once you experience a movement neuron pathways to that area & grow strengthen to repeat the skill
  • experience
  • practice
  • reputation
57
Q

once ________ period has passed there is only so much development that can occur despite the fact that the brain is plastic

A

critical

Human Growth Exam 1 (5 decks)

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