Lecture 2 Flashcards
As OTs we _____ our client to try to see how we can impact their _____
nurture;
outcome
Behaviorists & social learning theorists say
development is purely nurture
We become who we are due to what we are taught
Biological theorists state that development was a
biological process & believed that development took place through a series of genetically determined changes that take place over the course of one’s life
nature
people behave the way they do because they are animals who act in accordance with their animal instincts & are determined by their biology ie- genes, chromosomes
nurture
people behave the way they do b/c they are determined by the things other peole teach them, the things they observe around them & because of the different situations they are put in
the simple view of behavior
behavior = genes + environment
but in reality so many factors play into the way we behave & act
coaction
both heredity & environment shape human development & interact in intricate ways
- genes do nothing without environmental input
- environmental effects are shaped by genetic constraints
self regulation
genes turn each other on and off in response to environmental conditions
epigenetics
process by which outside factors influence how hereditary material functions; the environment acts on surface of genes to alter activity
ex- why tristan & travis look different— slight variations in genes caused them to be expressed slightly differently
DNA
- complex molecule containing the genetic info that makes up the chromosomes
- has two strands-forming a double helix held together by bonds between pairs of nucleotides
genes
biochemical units of heredity that make up chromosomes
- a segment of DNA, found in chromosomes in cell nuclei
chromosomes
threadlike structures made of DNA that contain genes and are found in the nucleus
genome
- the complete instructions for making an organism
- consists of all of the genetic material in the chromosome
sex linked traits
- traits liked to the x or y chromosomes
- usually recessive and carried on the x
- appear more frequently in males bc males are xy— only need to have one of them
ex: color blindness, fragile x, baldness, hemophilia
physical & psychological development & NATURE
physical maturity sets limits on the psychological ability
ex: visual system is not fully functional at birth & language system not functional until much later
physical & psychological development & nurture
prenatal & postnatal environments can have lifetime influence on health & intellectual ability
conception
sperm penetrates the ovum
zygote
a fertilized egg
germinal stage
first 2 weeks
- conception, implantation, formation of placenta
- zygote travels fallopian tube & cells divide & replicate
- in uterus some cells differentiate to form the placenta
embryonic stage
2 wks- 2 months
formation of vital organs and systems
- organs & tissues differentiate during cell division
- epigenesis causes layers to form
fetal stage
2 months - birth
- bodily growth continues, movement capacity begins, brain cells multiply
- age of viability
- functionality of each part begins
- this is well you can tell the sex of the baby
layers of embryonic stage
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
ectoderm
outer layer
nervous system
skin
hair
mesoderm
middle layer
muscles
bones
circulatory system
endoderm
digestive system
lungs
urinary tract
vital organs
embryonic stage milestone - 3rd week
neural tube
embryonic stage milestone - 4th week
heart beat
embryonic stage milestone - 7th week
rudimentary skeleton
embryonic stage milestone - 7th-8th week
sexual development – y chromosome triggers a reaction to produce testes otherwise ovaries result
fetal period milestone - 3rd month
- movement: cannot yet be felt by mother
- digestive system and excretory systems functioning
- reproductive system contains immature ova or sperm cells
fetal period milestone - 4th to 6th months
- sucking, swallowing, breathing
- movements felt by mother
- heart beat can be heard with stethoscope
- sweat gland functioning
- vernix protects skin from chapping
- lanugo - fine hair helps vernix stick to skin
- visual and auditory senses are functional
fetal period milestone - 7th to 9th months
- age of viability (22-28 wks) – survival outside the womb is possible
- weight is 4 pounds (at end of 7th months)
- 9th month activity slows - sleep increases
- birth occurs
Heredity diseases can occur because of
a function of defective genes, wrong number of chromosomes
- defective gene alleles, eg sickle cell anemia, progeria, huntington’s disease
- chromosomal abnormalities -trisomy 21
tetragens
environmental agents that harm the fetus
eg- pollutants, infection, drugs
timing & dosage of exposure critical
causes congential defect
maternal health
general health, disease, maternal age, inadequate nutrition, anxiety
critical period
specific time when a given event or its absence has the greatest impact on development
development consists of ______ then ______
differentiation; growth
differentiation
the process in embryonic development during which unspecialized cells or tissues become specialized for particular functions
growth
once the cells have differentiated the structure goes
the critical period for prenatal defects occurs during
differentiation
a baby is considered full term at _____ weeks
39
trauma at birth can lead to illness such as:
cerebral palsy
stroke/bleed at birth causes
delay
first sensory experience is
at birth
this allows for some to predict many sensory issues may occur with c-section & breech babies - they will miss the coping experience involved in natural birth
healthy prenatal development
- eating a healthy diet
- avoiding drugs & cigs
- early & frequent medical care (prenatal)
- reducing stress through social support and reducing interpersonal conflict
how to help the most vulnerable (preterm & low birth weight babies)
- healing touch
- massage therapy
- environmental accommodations
- parental education
how to study behavior genetics
adoption
twin studies
general findings in adoption studies
adoptees are more like biological parents than adopted parents in terms of intelligence & personality/temperament
despite the strong impact of genes on personality, parenting has an influence on
religious beliefs, values, manners, attitudes, politics, habits
identical twins
develop from a single zygote that splits in 2 — creating 2 genetic replicas
fraternal twins
- develop from separate zygotes
- genetically no closer than brothers & sisters but they share the fetal environment
studies of twins in adulthood show that identical twins are more alike than fraternal twins in:
- personality: extroversion & neuroticism
- behaviors/outcomes: such as divorce rate
- abilities: such as overall intelligences scores
similarities found in identical twins despite being raised in different homes
- personality, styles of thinking & related
- abilities/intelligence
- attitudes
- interests
- specific fears
- brain waves/heart rate
genetics & intelligence
one cannot reach genetic potential for smartness without the proper stimulation
if its not in their genes your baby will never become a genius (no matter how hard you try)
neuroplasticity
the ability of the brain to grow & take over function
ex: missing hemisphere, missing corpus collosum
motor learning theory
- once you experience a movement neuron pathways to that area & grow strengthen to repeat the skill
- experience
- practice
- reputation
once ________ period has passed there is only so much development that can occur despite the fact that the brain is plastic
critical
