Lecture 2

Question 1

As OTs we _____ our client to try to see how we can impact their _____

Answer 1

nurture;

outcome

Question 2

Behaviorists & social learning theorists say

Answer 2

development is purely nurture

We become who we are due to what we are taught

Question 3

Biological theorists state that development was a

Answer 3

biological process & believed that development took place through a series of genetically determined changes that take place over the course of one’s life

Question 4

nature

Answer 4

people behave the way they do because they are animals who act in accordance with their animal instincts & are determined by their biology ie- genes, chromosomes

Question 5

nurture

Answer 5

people behave the way they do b/c they are determined by the things other peole teach them, the things they observe around them & because of the different situations they are put in

Question 6

the simple view of behavior

Answer 6

behavior = genes + environment

but in reality so many factors play into the way we behave & act

Question 7

coaction

Answer 7

both heredity & environment shape human development & interact in intricate ways

• genes do nothing without environmental input
• environmental effects are shaped by genetic constraints

Question 8

self regulation

Answer 8

genes turn each other on and off in response to environmental conditions

Question 9

epigenetics

Answer 9

process by which outside factors influence how hereditary material functions; the environment acts on surface of genes to alter activity

ex- why tristan & travis look different— slight variations in genes caused them to be expressed slightly differently

Question 10

DNA

Answer 10

• complex molecule containing the genetic info that makes up the chromosomes
• has two strands-forming a double helix held together by bonds between pairs of nucleotides

Question 11

genes

Answer 11

biochemical units of heredity that make up chromosomes

- a segment of DNA, found in chromosomes in cell nuclei

Question 12

chromosomes

Answer 12

threadlike structures made of DNA that contain genes and are found in the nucleus

Question 13

genome

Answer 13

• the complete instructions for making an organism

- consists of all of the genetic material in the chromosome

Question 14

sex linked traits

Answer 14

• traits liked to the x or y chromosomes
• usually recessive and carried on the x
• appear more frequently in males bc males are xy— only need to have one of them

ex: color blindness, fragile x, baldness, hemophilia

Question 15

physical & psychological development & NATURE

Answer 15

physical maturity sets limits on the psychological ability

ex: visual system is not fully functional at birth & language system not functional until much later

Question 16

physical & psychological development & nurture

Answer 16

prenatal & postnatal environments can have lifetime influence on health & intellectual ability

Question 17

conception

Answer 17

sperm penetrates the ovum

Question 18

zygote

Answer 18

a fertilized egg

Question 19

germinal stage

Answer 19

first 2 weeks

• conception, implantation, formation of placenta
• zygote travels fallopian tube & cells divide & replicate
• in uterus some cells differentiate to form the placenta

Question 20

embryonic stage

Answer 20

2 wks- 2 months
formation of vital organs and systems
- organs & tissues differentiate during cell division
- epigenesis causes layers to form

Question 21

fetal stage

Answer 21

2 months - birth

• bodily growth continues, movement capacity begins, brain cells multiply
• age of viability
• functionality of each part begins
• this is well you can tell the sex of the baby

Question 22

layers of embryonic stage

Answer 22

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

Question 23

ectoderm

Answer 23

outer layer
nervous system
skin
hair

Question 24

mesoderm

Answer 24

middle layer
muscles
bones
circulatory system

Question 25

endoderm

Answer 25

digestive system lungs urinary tract vital organs

Question 26

embryonic stage milestone - 3rd week

Answer 26

neural tube

Question 27

embryonic stage milestone - 4th week

Answer 27

heart beat

Question 28

embryonic stage milestone - 7th week

Answer 28

rudimentary skeleton

Question 29

embryonic stage milestone - 7th-8th week

Answer 29

sexual development -- y chromosome triggers a reaction to produce testes otherwise ovaries result

Question 30

fetal period milestone - 3rd month

Answer 30

- movement: cannot yet be felt by mother - digestive system and excretory systems functioning - reproductive system contains immature ova or sperm cells

Question 31

fetal period milestone - 4th to 6th months

Answer 31

- sucking, swallowing, breathing - movements felt by mother - heart beat can be heard with stethoscope - sweat gland functioning - vernix protects skin from chapping - lanugo - fine hair helps vernix stick to skin - visual and auditory senses are functional

Question 32

fetal period milestone - 7th to 9th months

Answer 32

- age of viability (22-28 wks) -- survival outside the womb is possible - weight is 4 pounds (at end of 7th months) - 9th month activity slows - sleep increases - birth occurs

Question 33

Heredity diseases can occur because of

Answer 33

a function of defective genes, wrong number of chromosomes - defective gene alleles, eg sickle cell anemia, progeria, huntington's disease - chromosomal abnormalities -trisomy 21

Question 34

tetragens

Answer 34

environmental agents that harm the fetus eg- pollutants, infection, drugs timing & dosage of exposure critical causes congential defect

Question 35

maternal health

Answer 35

general health, disease, maternal age, inadequate nutrition, anxiety

Question 36

critical period

Answer 36

specific time when a given event or its absence has the greatest impact on development

Question 37

development consists of ______ then ______

Answer 37

differentiation; growth

Question 38

differentiation

Answer 38

the process in embryonic development during which unspecialized cells or tissues become specialized for particular functions

Question 39

growth

Answer 39

once the cells have differentiated the structure goes

Question 40

the critical period for prenatal defects occurs during

Answer 40

differentiation

Question 41

a baby is considered full term at _____ weeks

Answer 41

39

Question 42

trauma at birth can lead to illness such as:

Answer 42

cerebral palsy

Question 43

stroke/bleed at birth causes

Answer 43

delay

Question 44

first sensory experience is

Answer 44

at birth this allows for some to predict many sensory issues may occur with c-section & breech babies - they will miss the coping experience involved in natural birth

Question 45

healthy prenatal development

Answer 45

- eating a healthy diet - avoiding drugs & cigs - early & frequent medical care (prenatal) - reducing stress through social support and reducing interpersonal conflict

Question 46

how to help the most vulnerable (preterm & low birth weight babies)

Answer 46

- healing touch - massage therapy - environmental accommodations - parental education

Question 47

how to study behavior genetics

Answer 47

adoption | twin studies

Question 48

general findings in adoption studies

Answer 48

adoptees are more like biological parents than adopted parents in terms of intelligence & personality/temperament

Question 49

despite the strong impact of genes on personality, parenting has an influence on

Answer 49

religious beliefs, values, manners, attitudes, politics, habits

Question 50

identical twins

Answer 50

develop from a single zygote that splits in 2 --- creating 2 genetic replicas

Question 51

fraternal twins

Answer 51

- develop from separate zygotes | - genetically no closer than brothers & sisters but they share the fetal environment

Question 52

studies of twins in adulthood show that identical twins are more alike than fraternal twins in:

Answer 52

- personality: extroversion & neuroticism - behaviors/outcomes: such as divorce rate - abilities: such as overall intelligences scores

Question 53

similarities found in identical twins despite being raised in different homes

Answer 53

- personality, styles of thinking & related - abilities/intelligence - attitudes - interests - specific fears - brain waves/heart rate

Question 54

genetics & intelligence

Answer 54

one cannot reach genetic potential for smartness without the proper stimulation if its not in their genes your baby will never become a genius (no matter how hard you try)

Question 55

neuroplasticity

Answer 55

the ability of the brain to grow & take over function ex: missing hemisphere, missing corpus collosum

Question 56

motor learning theory

Answer 56

- once you experience a movement neuron pathways to that area & grow strengthen to repeat the skill - experience - practice - reputation

Question 57

once ________ period has passed there is only so much development that can occur despite the fact that the brain is plastic

Answer 57

critical