Lecture 4 Flashcards
emotion regulation
cornerstone of emotional well-being & positive adjustment
begins early – infants
caregivers _____ the development of _____
scaffold
emotional regulation
synchrony
caregiver-newborn interactions that are repetitive & rhythmic in organization
sensitive adults adjust their emotion management behaviors to:
the infants needs & abilities as they grow
social referencing
basing emotional reactions on caregivers’ behaviors
older infants engage in this
emotion regulation underlies
behavioral control
________ difficulties are seen throughout the stages of development
adjustment
achievement of self control is a
long term process
caregivers assist with
early emotional regulation
behavioral regulation depends on:
- cognitive skills
- learning rules
- standards
when self-conscious emotions emerge there is often
shame & guilt
temperament
the inborn predisposition to consistently behave & react in a certain way
- an individual’s characteristic mood, activity level & emotional reactivity
attachment
the emotional bond between infant & caregiver
- longer & more enduring process than bonding
securely attached child – parents are typically
parents who are consistently warm, responsive & sensitive to the infant’s needs
insecurely attached child – parents are typically
parents are neglectful, inconsistent, or insensitive to infant’s needs
values development is influenced by
consistent supportive caregiver interactions
answer questions such as
“can i trust?”
“is it safe to take risks?”
thomas, chess, & birch
they identified 3 basic temperament styles – easy, slow to warm up, difficult, or mixed
these are established by 2-3 months & remain relatively stable
follow up studies of thomas, chess & birch
- easy babies: more likely to be social, popular, independent & successful
- difficult babies: more likely to break laws, less popular, less well liked
Kagan & Snidman
looked at inhibited vs uninhibited temperaments & found they remained stable with time, were genetically based & predicted anxiety later in life
difficult babies
intense emotions
highly reactive
fearful
irritable
easy babies
placid
adaptable
positive mood
regular habits
slow-to-warm-up babies
between the extremes more fearful wary less reactive & irritable slow to adapt withdraw from new situations
goodness of fit
parents can adjust to the infants temperament to improve this
temperament & caregiving effects interact
having a mutual influence over time
bonding
the tie an infant may form with a parent in the hours after birth
how does the earliest piece of attachment occur?
baby cries, eliciting care from parents
social smiling
4 to 6 wks old
- elicits joy & pleasure from parent
short absence of parent @ 6 months old
causes baby to display pleasure when parent returns
separation anxiety
- occurs at 9 months
- signal that attachment has formed
erikson & attachment
- consistent, sensitive care helps infants establish basic trust & feelings of worthiness
- early attitudes towards the self & others create hope that other relationships will be positive & therefore be worth pursuing
lorenz & attachment
- ethologist; how animals behave
- imprinting
bowlby & attachment
- evolutionary underpinnings & the attachment system
- 1st to study humans
“FATHER OF ATTACHMENT THEORY” - theorized that innate behaviors ensure the infants safety & survival by bonding the infant to a primary caregiver for proximity maintenance, providing a secure base & safe haven
- baby’s connection to caregiver emerges in stages - resulting in cognitive & emotional developments
- the quality of the infants first attachments effect his behavior/expectation in later relationships
ainsworth & attachment
created the strange situation test & systematically assessed attachment quality
found 3 types of attachment- secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-ambivalent
later studies found a 4th type- disorganized/disoriented
imprinting
- formation of strong bond of attachment to the first moving thing seen after birth
- lorenz made himself the first thing seen by the goslings & they followed him around
(Lorenz & attachment)
Harlow’s monkeys & attachment
- baby monkeys separated from mommas right after birth
- some were put in a room with wire cylinder surrogate mother
- some were put in a room with a soft, terry cloth covered cylinder
- when scared monkeys would go to the soft mother
- shows that attachment is about who provides CONTACT COMFORT
implications of Harlow’s monkeys
- social isolation = leads to serious problems
- normal development requires affectionate contact
- lack of social contact, rather than lack of parent causes the problem
- lesser periods of isolation may be overcome, longer periods cause irreparable damage
strange situation
study quality of attachment in infants
- observed a 12-18 month old child’s reaction when a mother is present with the child in a strange room, when the mother leaves & when the mother returns
AINSWORTH
secure type attachment
use mothers as a secure based, look around occasionally, limited exploration in mother’s absence.
cried when momma left & happy upon their return
65-70%
AINSWORTH
insecure-avoidant type attachment
- paid little attention to momma when she was in room, separated easily from mother
- showed little distress when she left & ignored her upon return
20%
AINSWORTH
insecure-ambivalent type attachment
- clung to mother & were reluctant to explore environment
- high level of distress when mom left & still showed distress upon her return
10%
AINSWORTH
disorganized/disoriented attachment
infant appears confused & were unable to approach the mother directly for support even when distressed
AINSWORTH
- this attachment pattern was revealed in later studies
Mothers of securely attached babies provide
consistent & sensitive care
mothers of insecurely attached babies are
more likely to be insensitive
mothers of disorganized/disoriented babies may be
abusive
neglectful
early social bonding links
biology & behavior
infants securely attached to one parent are likely to be:
securely attached to both but not always
mothers and fathers tend to parent ______
similarly!
- both highly involved & responsive (or both NOT)
if caregiving changes, attachment _________
can change
cultural influences on infant attachment
- majority of infants are securely attached across cultures
- variations in distribution of attachment patterns
in regards to day care or non-maternal care the most important thing is:
the overall quality of the care
daycare & attachment
- some people believe daycare interferes with attachment
- research shows no effects on infant-mother attachment
- some research suggests that children in daycare may be more aggressive (this may be shitty daycare programs tho)
- high quality day care seems to have no negative effects
early experiences in childhood education build
brain architecture
behavioral foundations
universal pre-k movement aims to
bring more uniformity to the purpose & consistency in quality
how does early education help?
- build skills to support later academic success
- cognitive skills & executive functions
- understanding of self, physical & social world
- skills in controlling emotions & behavior
how does early education help literacy?
- grow a good vocabulary
- narrative or story telling skills
- extensive/positive experiences with books
- phonological awareness
challenges of parents that occur as infants become toddlers
- begin to shape child’s autonomous actions
- monitor & control to maintain safety
- influence culturally appropriate behavior
power assertion
- physical punishment/threats, withdrawal of privileges (mild to severe)
- effective immediate control, but not longer term, harsh forms increase aggression
love withdrawal
withdrawing attention/affection, expressing disappointment
- elicits compliance, but generates high anxiety, few effects on long term self-regulation
induction
use of explanation, appealing to child’s desire to be grown up
- most effective for promoting internalization of rules & longer term self-regulation
authoritative
less concerned with obedience, high warmth along with high demands
outcome: better adaptability, social relations, competence, self-esteem
authoritarian
value obedience & use a high degree of power assertion, low warmth, high demand
outcome: greater irritability, anxiety, anger
permissive
most tolerant, least likely to use discipline, high or moderate warmth, but low demand
outcome: more uncontrolled, impulsive behavior, low levels of self-reliance
neglectful
completely uninvolved
low warmth
low demand
outcome: more impulsive, aggressive, depressed, low self-esteem
shared ______ & _______ may influence parenting style & child behavior
inheritance & traits
child’s temperament influences _______, ________, & _________ to parenting strategies
1) parenting
2) outcomes
3) susceptibility
cultural context
- shapes parenting practices & effectiveness
- important not to combine culture with geography, SES or race
- wide variation both within & between groups
developing self-system (conscience)
- affected by parenting
- self esteem, behavioral self regulation, internalization of standards & rules
internalization
associated with conscience
– feelings of distress when one violates a rule or contemplates violating a rule
The two aspects of parenting promote the process of conscience development
1) warmth
2) responsiveness
^^^^facilitates ones self control^^^^
early attachment predicts later functioning, in terms of
- dependency
- self-confidence
- social skills
parents own attachment predicts:
their child’s attachment
sensitivity towards the child is more important than
specific practices
- IE BOTTLE FEEDING VS BREAST FEEDING
attachment in context
- parents relationships, extended family, schools, neighborhoods, etc can affect emotional wellbeing
- attachment security can be a protective factor in otherwise difficult circumstances
parent training
- it is efficacious for children
- reduces non-compliance & promotes pro-social behavior
- can substantially strengthen limit-setting side of authoritativeness, improving quality of life @ home & reducing stress
ADHD & parent training
multimodal treatment that includes medication, behavioral treatment (i.e. parent management) is much more effective
essential elements of parent training programs (4)
1) directed towards parents
2) parents are taught to observe & define children’s noncompliance in behavioral terms & note their own part in the interactions
3) learning theory is taught to parents & applied in ways that achieve goals of treatment
4) parents put these ideas into effect at home
Freud, Erikson & Piaget @ Infants 0 - 1
freud- oral stage
erikson- trust vs mistrust
piaget- sensori-motor
Freud, Erikson & Piaget @ Toddler 1-3
freud- oral & anal stages
erikson- autonomy vs shame & doubt
piaget- sensori-motor & preoperational
Freud, Erikson & Piaget @ Preschool 3-5
freud- phallic
erikson- initiative vs. guilt
piaget- pre-operational (preconceptual/intuitive)
emotional expression @ 10 months
expresses recognizable: anger, sadness, pleasure, jealousy, anxiety & affection
emotional expression @ 12 months
anger, sadness, pleasure, jealousy, anxiety & affection emotions are distinguishable
infant social development (6)
1) learns crying to get others attention
2) social smiling in response to others smiling
3) stranger anxiety during 2nd half of 1st year
4) responds to name between 7 & 11 months
5) responds to requests by end of 1st year
6) caregiver interactions teach infant about trust or mistrust
infant cognitive development 0 - 3 months
- looks back & forth between objects
- watches an object move slowly through their line of vision
infant cognitive development 3 - 6 months
- looks towards noise
- mouths toys
- bangs toys
- repetitive limb movements cause action to recur
- pulls cloth from face
- reaches for and grasps toy
infant cognitive development 6-9 months
- drops toy without watching result
- finds partially hidden toy
- finds completely hidden toy (object permanence @ 9 months)
- shakes toy
- moves to get toy
infant cognitive development 9 - 12 months
- cause & effect
- turns over blank card to see pic on other side
- intentionally drops items to watch them fall
stranger anxiety should dissipate by
age 2.5 to 3 yrs old
temper tantrums
occur weakly in 50 to 80% of toddlers
- peak @ 18 months
- most disappear by age 3
sibling rivalry
aggressive behavior towards new infant
- peak @ 1 to 2 years old but may be prolonged indefinitely
thumb sucking
self regulation skill
toilet training occurs as a
toddler
solitary play
up to 1.5 yrs old
parallel play
they play side by side, doing the same thing as playmate, yet there is no interaction
social development at 15-24 months
- begin to imitate peers, go back & forth, imitate parents
social development at 2 years old
- begin to have preferences in playmates
- up to 3 years old gender of friends does not seem to matter
cooperative play
- 3 to 3.5 yrs old
- children begin to play with each other & interact
social pretend play
3 years old
- children imitate adult roles with peers (i.e., doctor, chef)
toddler cognitive development important stuff
- symbolic & representational thought flourishes
- self-recognition
- relies on sensorimotor info to distinguish self from and understanding environment
- egocentric
emotional development of preschoolers
- fears dark
- impatient & selfish tendencies
- expresses aggression through physical/verbal behaviors
- jealousy of siblings
preschooler social development
- short separation from parents ok
- less dependent on parents
- dreams & nightmares
- attachment to opposite sex parent
- cooperative play
Erikson & preschool
- develops a sense of initiative, he wants to learn what to do for himself, & learn about the world & other people
preschooler cognitive development
- egocentric
- preoperational/pre-conceptual reasoning: begins to give reasons for beliefs & actions with symbolic rationale
language
- meaning behind what we say
- consists of a set of socially shared rules
speech
verbal means of communicating
phonetics
how words sound
language
semantics
what words mean
language
pragmatics
how to put words together
language
morphology
how to make new words
language
syntax/grammar
what word combinations are best in a given situation
language
articulations
how speech sounds are made
speech
voice
using the vocal folds & breathing to produce sounds
speech
fluency
rhythm of speech
speech
Noam Chomsky
asserts that every child is born with a biological predisposition to learn language
“universal grammar”
motherese
infant directed speech
baby talk done by mothers – occurs in all cultures
quantity and quality of language experience is
critical to learning
play
an activity engaged for enjoyment or recreation
why is play important
invaluable tool in the facilitation of development across domains
sensorimotor
PIAGET
0 yrs old
- child spends time exploring & manipulating objects – senses & motor skills are used
i.e. rolling a ball
symbolic
PIAGET
1 yrs old
- child begins to interpret the world in terms of images and symbols & has the ability to use language to pretend i.e. holding a phone
constructive
PIAGET
2 yrs old
- Child begins to use objects to build things
i.e. block tower
substitute pretend
PIAGET
2 Yrs old
- child begins to use objects to stand for something altogether different
i.e. stick is a sword
rule governed
PIAGET
5 + yrs old
- child begins to prefer rule based pretending (i.e. cops & robbers) and formal games (i.e. shoots and ladders)
