lecture 5

Question 1

why do we affectively misforcast?

Answer 1

• immune neglect
• focus problem
• adaptation/hedonic treadmill

Question 2

what is adaptation/hedonic treadmill?

Answer 2

• we become accustomed to good and bad events in our lives

- the adjustment period wears off and well being/happiness returns to baseline

Question 3

difference in positive/negative events for adjustment period of hedonic treadmill/adaptation

Answer 3

• for positive events, the threshold is raised and we want more, better, different
• for negative events, we cope and change

Question 4

why can adaptation not be the same for all people?

Answer 4

• differences in coping abilities

- differences in savoring and gratitude

Question 5

some life events leave long term changes to one’s set point, such as:

Answer 5

• divorce
• widowhood
• unemployement

Question 6

how can we make better forecasts of feelings and behaviors?

Answer 6

• predict how someone else would feel/would do rather than trying to predict how you would feel or what you would do
• put feeling or behavior in perspective (e.g. the context of the environment)
• look to past behaviors/feelings for clues

Question 7

how can we be more accurate when predicting feelings and behaviors?

Answer 7

when causes are prominent and/or it fits our reasoning

Question 8

self-perception theory

Answer 8

when a feeling or thought (e.g. attitude) is ambiguous, we infer it by observing our behavior in the situation which it occurs

Question 9

what are the ways for inferring our motivation for behavior?

Answer 9

intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation

Question 10

intrinsic motivation

Answer 10

desire to engage in activity because it is enjoyed (activity and its end are the same)

Question 11

extrinsic motivation

Answer 11

desire to engage in activity for rewards or pressures

activity is a means to an end

Question 12

overjustification effect

Answer 12

when there are compelling extrinsic reasons for a behavior, people underestimate intrinsic reasons

Question 13

social comparison theory

Answer 13

we learn about our abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to others

Question 14

when do we compare ourselves to others?

Answer 14

• when there is no objective standard

- when experience some uncertainty about self

Question 15

to whom do we compare ourselves?

Answer 15

• to anyone who is around: automatic

- if we want accuracy we choose a similar other

Question 16

upward social comparison

Answer 16

compare ourselves to people who are on a particular trait and ability (if we want to be better)

Question 17

downward social comparison

Answer 17

comparing ourselves to people who are worse than we are on a particular trait and ability (if we want to feel better), can be past self

Question 18

self-discrepancy theory

Answer 18

• self concept (who you are right now)

- self guides

Question 19

self-guides

Answer 19

• own/ideal
• own/ought
• other/ideal
• other/ought

Question 20

actual (self-concept) and ideal

Answer 20

dejection related emotions

Question 21

actual (self-concept) and ought

Answer 21

anxiety related emotions

Question 22

example of:

self-concept and ought/own

Answer 22

guilt

Question 23

example of:

self-concept and ideal/other

Answer 23

lack of pride

Question 24

example of:

self concept and ought/other

Answer 24

shame

Question 25

example of:

self concept and ideal/own

Answer 25

disappointment

Question 26

maintaining a positive view=

Answer 26

self control

Question 27

self-control techniques

Answer 27

• self-efficacy
• locus of control
• learned helplessness

Question 28

self-efficacy

Answer 28

the sense that one is competent

Question 29

locus of control

Answer 29

the sense that outcomes are controlled by your own actions vs. by change or external forces

Question 30

learned helplessness

Answer 30

repeated uncontrollable negative events leads to resignation and hopelessness

Question 31

sum of our positive and negative evaluations of ourselves=

Answer 31

our overall feeling of self-worth

Question 32

self esteem is a:

Answer 32

state of mind that can fluctuate with life experiences

Question 33

those with high self-esteem tend to be:

Answer 33

happy, healthy, successful, sleep better, and are less susceptible to peer pressure

Question 34

those with low self esteem tend to be:

Answer 34

more depressed, pessimistic, prone to failure, and less able to ward off disease

Question 35

how to measure self esteem?

Answer 35

Rosenberg SElf Esteem Scale

Question 36

Basking in Reflected Glory (BIRG)

Answer 36

to raise self-esteem we often “bask in reflected glory” by associating with others who are successful

Question 37

Cut off Reflected Failure (CORF)

Answer 37

to protect our self-esteem, we will “cut off reflected failure” by distancing ourselves from other who fail or are of low status