Lecture 5

Question 1

Endogenic

Answer 1

Heat energy beneath the crust (formed or occurring beneath the surface)

Question 2

Exogenic

Answer 2

Processes driven by energy external to the mantle

Question 3

Relief

Answer 3

Differences in height in a specific location

Question 4

Geological cycle

Answer 4

Natural cycle of recycling of Earth’s minerals over time

Question 5

Mass wasting

Answer 5

Mass movement of eroded material due to gravity

Question 6

Fluvial transport

Answer 6

Majority of sediment globally is transported by water

Question 7

Glaciers

Answer 7

A large, thick mass of ice that stays frozen from one year to the next and has the ability to move

Question 8

Tides and waves

Answer 8

Movement along sea coasts

Question 9

Eolian transport

Answer 9

Movement by wind

Question 10

Rain shadow effect

Answer 10

Result of a mountain casting a rain shadow on one side of the mountain

Question 11

Drainage basin

Answer 11

A topographical region which concentrates water received as precipitation into a series of geographically isolated rivers

Question 12

Meandering river systems

Answer 12

The shortest distance between two points in a straight line

Question 13

V-shaped valleys

Answer 13

The river cuts down and deepens its valley, the river widens its valley as it depends, the river continues to widen its valley.

Question 14

Estuaries

Answer 14

Places of transition from land to sea (where freshwater meets saltwater)

Question 15

Deltas

Answer 15

freshwater landforms created when a fast-moving body of water, such as a river, flows into a comparatively still body of water, such as a lake or ocean

Question 16

Alluvial fans

Answer 16

When deposition zones occur inland away from oceans

Question 17

Drainage divide

Answer 17

Movement of water from an elevated region is isolated by regions of elevation

Question 18

Dissolved load

Answer 18

Particle size groups: generally too small to see, dissolved into the water

Question 19

Suspended load

Answer 19

Particle size groups: suspended in the water, large enough to be visible but still very small

Question 20

Bed load

Answer 20

Particle size groups: largest size, rolling/sliding along the bed

Question 21

Oxbow lakes

Answer 21

a U-shaped lake or pool that forms when a wide meander of a river is cut off, creating a free-standing body of water

Question 22

Meander scars

Answer 22

a geological feature formed by the remnants of a meandering water channel

Question 23

U-shaped valley

Answer 23

Glacier movement leaves behind a characteristic shape in the environment

Question 24

Glacial till

Answer 24

As the glacier melts, it leaves behind characteristic sediment deposits

Question 25

Drop stones

Answer 25

Isolated stones dropped from floating glaciers as they melt (evidence for ancient glacier presence)

Question 26

Erosional coasts

Answer 26

Wave energy erodes existing terrestrial landform (beaches formed from eroding land)

Question 27

Depositional coasts

Answer 27

Deposition and reworking of existing sediments by wave action is the most important driver of beach shape (sediments can consist of former marine life)

Question 28

Desert pavement

Answer 28

A surface layer of closely packed or cemented pebbles, rock fragments etc

Question 29

Sand dune

Answer 29

A mound of sand formed by the wind, usually along the beach or in a desert

Question 30

Bolide impact

Answer 30

The impact of an extraterrestrial body on the surface of the earth

Question 31

Shocked quartz

Answer 31

When quartz is subject to intense pressure and temperature, crystal structure changes (forms stress lines)

Question 32

Shatter cones

Answer 32

Geological features that are only naturally found in the bedrock beneath bolide impact sites
Forms when underlying bedrock is exposed to extreme temperature and pressure