lecture 5

Question 1

most common classes of drugs

Answer 1

antimicrobicals, anti-inflammatories, sedatives, analgesics, anesthetics, euthanasia solution

Question 2

characteristics of gram negative bacteria

Answer 2

can develop antimicrobial resistance, can cause endotoxemia (systemic inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharides), ex. e coli, klebsiella, salmonella

Question 3

best practice for using antimicrobials is

Answer 3

use narrowest spectrum drug to treat infection

Question 4

five types of antimicrobials

Answer 4

beta lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, fluoroquinolones

Question 5

what are beta lactams effective against

Answer 5

gram positive bacteria, anaerobes ex. streptococcus, staphylococcus, listeria

Question 6

characteristics of penicillin

Answer 6

beta lactam, interfere with bacterial wall synthesis in gram positive bacteria, narrow activity spectrum

Question 7

characteristics of cephalosporins

Answer 7

beta lactam, has broader spectrum of activity, no withdrawal period or very brief

Question 8

method of action for aminoglycosides

Answer 8

bind irreversibly to bacterial 30S ribosome subunit to block protein synthesis, kill mostly gram negative bacteria but some gram positive

Question 9

what is the synergistic action of aminoglycosides when used with beta lactams

Answer 9

beta lactams create holes in microbial cell wall, aminoglycosides able to enter to target ribosome

Question 10

adverse effects of aminoglycosides

Answer 10

ototoxic (hearing/balance problems), nephrotoxic

Question 11

why is there a voluntary ban on aminoglycosides

Answer 11

risk of volatile residues

Question 12

examples of tetracyclines

Answer 12

oxytetracycline, minocycline, doxycycline

Question 13

method of action of tettracyclines

Answer 13

bacteriostatic (stops growth, does not kill) by binding to 30S ribosomal subunit, broad spectrum

Question 14

adverse effects of tetracyclines

Answer 14

ototoxicity, photosensitization, injection site reactions

Question 15

example of chloramphenicol

Answer 15

florfenicol

Question 16

method of action of chloramphenicol

Answer 16

target 50S ribosomal subunit, broad spectrum

Question 17

adverse effects of chloramphenicol

Answer 17

irreversible bone marrow supression

Question 18

method of action of fluoroquinolones

Answer 18

DNA gyrase inhibitors which prevents DNA supercoiling and degrades bacterial DNA, bactericidal, targets gram negative bacteria

Question 19

most commonly used tranquilizers

Answer 19

acepromazine, xylazine, detomidine, dexmedetomidine, butorphanol, diazepam (valium ), midazolam (benzo)

Question 20

what do analgesics do

Answer 20

reduce pain

Question 21

classes of analgesics

Answer 21

NSAIDS, narcotics

Question 22

which tranquilizers are also powerfully analgesic

Answer 22

xylazine, detomidine

Question 23

examples of NSAIDs

Answer 23

aspirin, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, naproxen, bute, banamine, rimadyl, metacam

Question 24

examples of local anesthetics

Answer 24

lidocaine, carbocaine, bupivicaine

Question 25

intravenous general anesthetics

Answer 25

barbiturates, ketamine (dissociative drug), propofol

Question 26

inhalational general anesthetics

Answer 26

halothane, isoflurane, sevoflurane

Question 27

what is dosage

Answer 27

mg/kg or mg/lb

Question 28

how many lbs in 1 kg

Answer 28

2.2 lbs = 1 kg

Question 29

what is dose

Answer 29

mg

Question 30

what does the volume of drug administered depend on

Answer 30

concentration of drug ex. how many mg/mL or mg/tablet