lecture 5 Flashcards
most common classes of drugs
antimicrobicals, anti-inflammatories, sedatives, analgesics, anesthetics, euthanasia solution
characteristics of gram negative bacteria
can develop antimicrobial resistance, can cause endotoxemia (systemic inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharides), ex. e coli, klebsiella, salmonella
best practice for using antimicrobials is
use narrowest spectrum drug to treat infection
five types of antimicrobials
beta lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, fluoroquinolones
what are beta lactams effective against
gram positive bacteria, anaerobes ex. streptococcus, staphylococcus, listeria
characteristics of penicillin
beta lactam, interfere with bacterial wall synthesis in gram positive bacteria, narrow activity spectrum
characteristics of cephalosporins
beta lactam, has broader spectrum of activity, no withdrawal period or very brief
method of action for aminoglycosides
bind irreversibly to bacterial 30S ribosome subunit to block protein synthesis, kill mostly gram negative bacteria but some gram positive
what is the synergistic action of aminoglycosides when used with beta lactams
beta lactams create holes in microbial cell wall, aminoglycosides able to enter to target ribosome
adverse effects of aminoglycosides
ototoxic (hearing/balance problems), nephrotoxic
why is there a voluntary ban on aminoglycosides
risk of volatile residues
examples of tetracyclines
oxytetracycline, minocycline, doxycycline
method of action of tettracyclines
bacteriostatic (stops growth, does not kill) by binding to 30S ribosomal subunit, broad spectrum
adverse effects of tetracyclines
ototoxicity, photosensitization, injection site reactions
example of chloramphenicol
florfenicol
method of action of chloramphenicol
target 50S ribosomal subunit, broad spectrum
adverse effects of chloramphenicol
irreversible bone marrow supression
method of action of fluoroquinolones
DNA gyrase inhibitors which prevents DNA supercoiling and degrades bacterial DNA, bactericidal, targets gram negative bacteria
most commonly used tranquilizers
acepromazine, xylazine, detomidine, dexmedetomidine, butorphanol, diazepam (valium ), midazolam (benzo)
what do analgesics do
reduce pain
classes of analgesics
NSAIDS, narcotics
which tranquilizers are also powerfully analgesic
xylazine, detomidine
examples of NSAIDs
aspirin, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, naproxen, bute, banamine, rimadyl, metacam
examples of local anesthetics
lidocaine, carbocaine, bupivicaine
intravenous general anesthetics
barbiturates, ketamine (dissociative drug), propofol
inhalational general anesthetics
halothane, isoflurane, sevoflurane
what is dosage
mg/kg or mg/lb
how many lbs in 1 kg
2.2 lbs = 1 kg
what is dose
mg
what does the volume of drug administered depend on
concentration of drug ex. how many mg/mL or mg/tablet
