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PSYC 101 > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is memory?

A

the ability to store and retrieve information over time

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2
Q

What is encoding?

A

transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory

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3
Q

What is storage?

A

maintaining information in memory over time

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4
Q

What is retrieval?

A

bring to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored

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5
Q

What does remembering depend on?*

A

how we combine old and new information

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6
Q

What are the tree types encoding?*

A

elaborative, visual, and organizational

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7
Q

What is elaborative encoding?

A

the process of actively relating new information to knowledge that is already in memory

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8
Q

What is the semantic judgement?*

A

the best elaborative method of encoding -> search for meaning

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9
Q

What is visual encoding?

A

the process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures

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10
Q

What is organizational encoding?

A

the act of categorizing information by noticing the relationships among a series of items

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11
Q

What does organizational encoding improve?

A

recall

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12
Q

What is memory storage?*

A

the process of maintaining information in memory over time

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13
Q

What are the three types of memory storage?

A

sensory, short-term/working memory, and long-term

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14
Q

What is the process of the three box model?

A

Sensory input -> sensory memory (unattended information is lost) -> short term memory (unrehearsed information is lost) -> long-term memory (some information may be lost over time)

  • sensory to short-term is attention
  • short-term to long-term is encoding
  • long-term to short-term is retrieval
  • short-term to short-term is maintenance rehearsal
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15
Q

What is the recency/primacy effect

A

When you listen to a list of 20 words and try to remember them and determine the patterns in the recall

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16
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

when people try to recall a list of similar items immediately after learning it, they tend to remember the first and last words the best but forget the ones in the middle

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17
Q

What is sensory memory store?

A

the place in which sensory memory is kept for a few seconds or less

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18
Q

What is iconic memory?

A

visual memory

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19
Q

What is echoic memory?

A

auditory memory

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20
Q

What is short-term memory store?

A

a place where non-sensory information is kept for more than a few seconds but less than a minute

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21
Q

What is working memory?

A

STM+LTM information used to interpret/manipulate/process

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22
Q

How many bits of information can you hold at once?

A

7

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23
Q

For short-term memory, what are the two ways information can move?

A

to long-term memory or decay and lost forever

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24
Q

What is rehearsal?

A

the review or practice of material

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25
Q

Where is rehearsal held?

A

in short-term memory and can help move from short-term memory to long-term memory

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26
Q

What is chunking?

A

combining larger pieces of information into smaller chunks to hold on to them (chunking numbers together to remember a large list of numbers)

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27
Q

What is long-term memory store?

A

a place in which information can be held for minutes to decades

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28
Q

What is the capacity for long-term memory?

A

unlimited

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29
Q

What can long term memory storage used to process?

A

sensory info and STM

30
Q

What is the biological mechanism of LTM?

A

sending neurotransmitters across the synapse of two communicating neurons changes the synapse by strengthening the connection (makes communication easier next time)

31
Q

What is long-term potentiation (LTP)?

A

long lasting increase in strength of synaptic responsiveness; thought to be a biological mechanism of LTM

32
Q

What are the contents of long-term memory?

A

explicit memory and implicit memory

33
Q

What is explicit memory?

A

constantly retrieving past knowledge or experiences

34
Q

What is a common phrase associated with explicit memory?

A

“I remember”

35
Q

What are the two sub-memories of explicit memory?

A

semantic and episodic

36
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

independent of context (general knowledge or fact)

37
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

set in time and place (own memory, own experience)

38
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

the influence of past experiences on later behavior and performance, even though people are not trying to recollect them and are not aware that they are remembering them

39
Q

What are the two sub-memories of implicit memory?

A

priming memory and procedural memory

40
Q

What is priming?

A

noticing things that have always been there

41
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

knowing how to do things like ride a bike or drive a car

42
Q

Multiple Forms of LTM Pyramid

A

long-term memory -> explicit (conscious recall) -> semantic (facts and knowledge) and episodic (experienced events) and implicit (without conscious recall) -> procedural (motor and cognitive skills) and priming (enhanced identification)

43
Q

What are the two types of memory loss?

A

anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia

44
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

inability to transport information from short-term memory to long-term memory

45
Q

Who had anterograde amnesia?

A

HM

46
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

inability to retrieve information that was acquired before the incident (in our long-term memory)

47
Q

What is retrieval?

A

bring to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored

48
Q

What is retrieval cue?

A

external information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind

49
Q

What is the situation regarding a hint?

A

sometimes need a hint to remember the question on a test that is in your photographic memory

50
Q

What is the encoding specificity principle?

A

a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps recreate the specific way in which information was initially encoded

51
Q

What is an example of encoding specificity principle?

A

sitting in the same seat on a test day or alcoholics at a bar

52
Q

What is state-dependent retrieval?

A

the tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval

53
Q

What are the 7 memory failures?

A

transience, absentmindedness, blocking, bias, persistence, memory misattribution, suggestibility

54
Q

What’s transience?

A

forgetting what occurs with the passage of time and fills the mind with what probably happened

55
Q

What is absentmindedness?

A

a lapse in attention the results in memory failure (divided attention)

56
Q

What is an example of absentmindedness?

A

forgetting car keys before leaving the door

57
Q

What is prospective memory?

A

remembering to do things in the future (putting things down on a planner)

58
Q

What is blocking?

A

a failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying produce it (tip-of-the-tongue and can usually get it with a hint)

59
Q

What is bias?

A

distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences

60
Q

How many different types of biases are there?

A

3 (consistency, change, and egocentric)

61
Q

What is consistency bias?

A

view ourselves as consistent people with consistent views and opinions

62
Q

What was the study for consistency bias?

A

took a whole bunch of people and asked them questions about controversial topics then tracked them down almost a decade later and say that their opinion is the same

63
Q

What is change bias?

A

exaggerating the difference between what we feel and believe now and what we felt and believed in the past

64
Q

What is study done for change bias?

A

Couples were asked the strength of their relationship from the beginning and present of the relationship. Most of couples said that their strength increased over time but the magnitude/number each year was the same.

65
Q

What is egocentric bias?

A

exaggerating the change between the past and the present to make ourselves seem better

66
Q

What is an example of egocentric bias?

A

remembering the As made in high school but forgetting about the Ds

67
Q

What is persistence?

A

the intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget (often traumatic or disturbing and could come back in nightmares)

68
Q

What are flashbulb memories?

A

detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events (remember being in the living room when hearing about Kobe’s death)

69
Q

What is source memory?

A

recall of when, where, and how information was acquired

70
Q

What is memory misattribution?

A

assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source (in the case of the OKC bombing where the rental man mixed up the date of the rental to the police and they were looking for the wrong person)

71
Q

What’s suggestibility?

A

the tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal reflections

PSYC 101 (14 decks)

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