Lecture 1 Flashcards
What is psychology?
The specific study of the mind and behavior
Who coined nativism?
Plato
What is nativism?
certain skills are hardwired in the brain at birth
What did Aristotle coin?
the mind is a blank state and empiricism (knowledge comes from sense)
What did Franz Joseph coin?
phrenology (specific mental capabilities and characteristics are localized in particular regions of the brain)
What did Paul Broca coin?
Broca area where damage to this location causes impairments in language outputs, but the comprehension is fine
What is the opposite of the Broca area?
Wernicke Area where the speech is fine but the comprehension is damaged
What did Hermann von Hermholtz coin?
physiology, stimulus, and reaction time
What is physiology?
the study of biological processes, especially in the human body
What is a stimulus
sensory input from the environment
What is a reaction time?
the amount of time taken to respond to a specific stimulus
What did Wilhelm Hunt found and what are his coined definitions?
founded the first psychological laboratory and coined consciousness, structuralism, and introspection
What is consciousness?
a person’s subjective experience of the world and the mind
What is structuralism?
the analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind and how these simple, definable components fit together to form more complex mental processes
What is introspection?
the subjective observation of one’s own experience
What did William James do and what is his coined term?
applied scientific approach to psychology and coined functionalism
What is functionalism?
study of the purpose of mental processes and how they enable us to adapt to our environment
What did Charles Darwin believe?
natural selection where the features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce are more likely than other features to be passed on to subsequent generations
Who found figured out hysteria?
Jean-Marie Charcot and Pierre Janet who believed in multiple conscious “selves”
What is hysteria?
a temporary loss of cognitive or
motor functions, usually as a result of
emotionally upsetting experiences
Who was Jean-Marie Charcot’s student?
Sigmund Freud
What did Sigmund Freud coin?
unconscious and psychoanalysis
What is unconscious?
idea that it influences our thoughts, feeling, and actions, but we are not aware of it
What is psychoanalysis?
Approach to bring the unconscious into conscious awareness and alleviate symptoms
Who coined humanistic psychology?
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers who believed the therapist and client are on equal footing
What is humanistic psychology?
this really emphasizes the positive potential in all of us, understands our nature through positive potential
What did John Watson coin?
behaviorism
What is behaviorism?
the idea that all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment
Why is science credible?
it is replicable and its objective measures are observable by others
What did Ian Pavlov do?
studied the salvation in dogs and realized that the dogs salivate when they eat AND when they head the footsteps of their feeders
What did B.F. Skinner believe and coin?
animals learn by interacting with their environment and questioned free-will; coined reinforcement
What is reinforcement?
anything that increases the likelihood that a response will occur
What are illusions?
errors of perception memory, or judgment in which subjective experience differs from objective reality
What is Gestalt psychology?
a psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts
What did Sir Frederic Bartlett believe?
people remember how a story “should” end rather than how it actually did end because our memory is influenced by our mind rather than a photographic representation of actual events
What is cognitive psychology?
the study of mental process, perception and how people think
What did Karl Lashley do?
removed parts of rat brains to observe its deficits and found the difference between behavioral and cognitive neuroscience
What is behavioral neuroscience?
Do something and see what part of the brain is firing when you read or walk, etc.
What is cognitive neuroscience?
-Trying to find a link between a brain activity and a cognitive process
-Think of something and see what area of the brain lights up
What are two non-invasive “brain-scanning” during mental activities?
PET scan and an fMRI
What did John Garcia believe?
our ancestors’ learning histories influence our learning like how rats avoid food that makes them sick
Wha is evolutionary psychology?
explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection.
What does Norman Triplett believe?
our behavior is influenced by the presence of others and how we perform better around others
What is social psychology?
the study of how an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected
What is culture?
the values, traditions, and beliefs that are shared by a particular group of people
What is cultural psychology?
the suited of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members
What did Margaret Mead do?
she was an anthropologist that traveled to far regions to study cultural differences in behavior and practices
What is the main psychology organization?
American Psychological Association (APA)
What is the largest subfield of psychology?
clinical
