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PSYC 101 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three things that make people difficult to study?

A

complexity, variability, reactivity

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2
Q

What are the steps for a scientific approach?

A

theory, hypothesis, gather evidence, modify theory

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3
Q

What are the different ways to collect data?

A

case study, observational study, psychological test (assessment), surveys

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4
Q

Case Study

A

Observations, formal psychological testing, drawings, clinical interviews,
questionnaires, family interview

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5
Q

Observational Study

A

Researcher observes, measures,
records behavior while trying to avoid
intruding on the people being observed

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6
Q

Naturalistic observation examples

A

home or school

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7
Q

Laboratory Observation

A

controlled room or facility

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8
Q

What are the problems with observational studies?

A
  • Mere presence of researchers and
    equipment will change how people behave
  • only correlation and not causation
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9
Q

Psychological Tests (Assessments)

A

Measure personality traits,
emotional states, IQ, abilities

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10
Q

Objective Tests (Inventories)

A

measure beliefs, feelings, or behaviors of which people are aware

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11
Q

Standardized Tests

A

scores are based on NORMS

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12
Q

Projective Tests

A

those black and white image tests that determines a person’s personality

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13
Q

Assessments & Reliability

A

test must be reliable and produce same result across time, place, and scorer

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14
Q

Test-retest reliability

A

people tend to do better the second time

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15
Q

Alternate-forms reliability for tests/exams

A

multiple choice versus true/false

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16
Q

Assessments & Validity

A

a test must be valid and it must measure what it sets out to measure

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17
Q

Construct validity

A

items broadly represent the trait in question (job satisfaction question)

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18
Q

Predictive validity

A

ability to predict other measures of the trait in question, related traits (high school GPA reflects college GPA)

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19
Q

Surveys

A

questionnaires an interviews that gather info by asking people directly about their experiences, attitudes, opinions

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20
Q

What is required for a survey to be fair?

A

a group of participants that accurately represents the larger population the researcher wishes to
describe (age, sex, ethnic groups)

21
Q

What are the problems with surveys?

A

volunteer bias, people lie, and researcher bias (choose questions they want)

22
Q

What are the two types of studies?

A

correlational studies and experiments

23
Q

Correlational study

A

a descriptive study that looks for a consistent relationship between two phenomena

24
Q

Correlation

A

a measure of how strongly two
variables are related to one another

25
Q

positive correlation

A

high and high

26
Q

negative correlation

A

high and low

27
Q

uncorrelated example

A

shoe size and IQ

28
Q

What is the range of the coefficient of correlation?

A

-1 to 1

29
Q

What is true about correlation and causation?

A

correlation does not establish causation

30
Q

Wha is an experiment?

A

a controlled test of a hypothesis in which a researcher manipulates one variable to discover its effect on another

31
Q

What is an independence variable?

A

the variable that stands alone and isn’t changed by other factors

32
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

a variable that depends on the independent variable

33
Q

What is a control group?

A

a group that is sure that the behavior you are interested in would not have occurred anyway

34
Q

What is a random assignment?

A

a procedure for assigning people to experimental and control groups in which each individual has the same probability as any other of being assigned to a given group

35
Q

What are experimental effects?

A

experimenters can influence the results of a study (smile, tone of voice)

36
Q

What do participants try to do during an experiment?

A

want to please and act in ways that the ordinarily would not

37
Q

What is a single-blind study?

A

participants don’t know which group they are in and not know the purpose of the study

38
Q

What is a double blind study?

A

neither the researcher nor the participant knows the treatments participants receive

39
Q

What are descriptive statistics?

A

statistical procedures that organize and summarize data

40
Q

What is an arithmetic mean?

A

an average hat is calculated by adding up a set of quantities and dividing the sum by the total number of quantities in the set

41
Q

What is a standard deviation?

A

a commonly used measure of variability that indicates the average difference between scores in a distribution and their mean (clustered the scores are spread out around the mean)

42
Q

What is inferential statistics?

A

allow researchers to draw inferences about how statistically meaningful a study’s results are

43
Q

What is a significance test?

A

show how likely it is that a study’s results occurred merely by chance

44
Q

What is Cross-sectional experiment?

A

a study in which subjects of different ages (or any groups) are compared at a given time

45
Q

What is a longitudinal experiment?

A

a study in which subjects are followed and periodically reassessed over a period of time

46
Q

What is the ethical consideration’s general principle?

A

Psychologists strive to benefit those with whom they work and take care to do no harm and all experiments cause stress

47
Q

What is informed consent?

A

a written agreement to participate in a study made by an adult who has been informed of a all the risks

48
Q

What is debriefing?

A

a verbal description of the true nature and purpose of a study that psychologists provide to people after they have participated in the study

PSYC 101 (14 decks)

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