Lecture 5 Flashcards
What is Penicillium (anamorphic)
- Discovered by Alexander Fleming 1928
- antibiotic
- treat bacterial infections in WWII
What are examples of a damaging anamorophic fungi
Aspergillus flavus
Fusarium oxysporum
What does Aspergillus flavus do
- produces aflatoxin (a secondary metabolite)
- relatively common contaminant of stored food products eg. dry grains, nuts (liver cancer)
- carcinogenic (vulnerable are AIDS patients and people with low immune strength)
What does Fusarium oxysporum do
- common plant pathogen
- lung disease in AIDS patients
- fungal infection in immuno- suppressed individuals; are a common problem
What is Cyttaria
“Beech strawberry”
- native, edible, ascomycete
- eaten by birds and possums
What are the characteristics of Basidiomycetes
- septate hyphae
- dolipore septa
- parenthesomes
- clamp connection
- basidiospore
- basidium (singular); basidia
What is a dolipore
pore with parenthesomes
What are parenthesomes
restrict the movement of nuclei
What is a clamp connection
ensure distribution of two genetically distinct nuclei to each cell in dikaryotic hyphae (though no clamp connections in rusts and smuts)
What is a basidiospore
sexual spores, primary means of reproduction
true or false; after germination, septa form in hyphae between nuclei, producing monokarytoic cells (homokaryon)
true
What is monokaryon
single nucleus per cell
What is a homokaryon
one type of nucleus throughout
What are the three parts of Basidiomycota fruiting body
sterigma
basidiospores
basidium
How many basidiospores arise from a basidium
4
Where are basidiospores produced
basidia
Where are basidia formed on or in
basidiocarps (basidomata)
true or false; rusts and smuts do not have basidiocarp
true
What are the three subphyla of Basidiomycetes
- ) Agarico-myco- tina
- ) Puccinio-myco-tina
- ) Ustil-agino-myco-tina
When are clamp connections formed
during cell division
How is Basidiomycota classified
on the basis of phylogenetic relationships
What is Agaricomycotina
Hymenomycetes
Gasteromycetes
What is Pucciniomycotina
rust fungi
- depend on living plants
What is Ustilaginomycotina
smut fugi
Since smut and rust fungi do not have basidiocarps, how do they produce spores
in masses known as sori (sorus singular)
What are Hymenomycetes
spores exposed on basidiocarp in a fertile layer
eg, mushrooms, brackets
What are Gasteromycetes
(stomach fungi)
- produce basidia & spores inside a basdioma (no distinct hymenium)
What are examples of edible mushrooms (Hymenomycetes)
shitake
wood ear
button mushroom
What is the latin name for button mushroom
Agaricus bisporus
What are two examples of deadly mushrooms (Hymenomycetes)
Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria) Death cap (Amanita phalloides)
What causes dry rot fungus; causes structural damage
Serpula lacrymans
Who is Chew Chong
- wood ear and dairy entrepreneur
- identified wood ear fungus (Taranaki wool)
- exported it to China
What Hymenomycete has a sky blue color
Entoloma hochstetteri
What is an example of a hallucinogenic mushroom
Psilocybe
- used in religious ceremonies Indians of Mexico and Central America
- psilocybin is a structural analogue of LSD
What is an example of a glow in the dark fungi
Pleurotus nidiformis
What causes Pleurotus nidiformis to glow in the dark
- probably an accidental by-product of energy exchanges
- bio-luminescence: chemical energy converted to light energy
true or false; there is a coral, jelly and tooth fungi
true
What is an example of Polypore fungi and Boletes
Ganoderma
Polyporus
Xerocomus
What are examples of Gasteromycetes
stink horns
puffballs
bird’s-nest fungi
earth stars
What are two examples of stinkhorns
basket fungus
flower fungus
What do Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina have in common
- major plant pathogens
- obligate parasites (cannot live saprobically)
- produce spores in masses known as sori (urediniospores)
Define heteroecious
two or more hosts
What is the latin name of wheat rust
Puccinia graminis
what are the 5 different reproductive cells of Puccinia graminis
- ) basidiospores
- ) spermatia
- ) aeciospores
- ) urediniospores
- ) teliospores
true or false; Puccinia graminis spends part of its life cycle on barberry and part on wheat
true
What do sori contain
urediniospores
what is the latin name of corn smut
Ustilago maydis
What does Ustilago maydis look like
- black dusty teliospores
- occupy seeds
- Mexican delicacy “huitlacoche”
What do the Mexicans call Ustilago maydis
huitlacoche
Give a general description of Mycorrhiza
- symbiotic associations
- fungi and plant roots
- most plant species
- low nutrient soils eg. low Phosphorous
- increase nutrients to plants
- protection against pests (nematodes) and pathogens (fungi and bacteria)
What are the two major types of Mycorrhizas
Ectomycorrhiza
Endomycorrhiza
What is an Enctomycorrhiza
- fungus surrounds (ecto) root
- no penetration of living cells- hyphae grow between root cells
- important in temperate regions (beech, oak, poplar, pine, eucalyptus)
- mostly with basidiomycetes (eg. mushrooms) but sometimes with ascomycetes (eg. truffles)
- never with glomeromycete
>5000 species of fungi involved - very high specificity
What are Endomycorrhizas
- more common 80% if vascular plants
- fungi involved are Glomeromycota (few fungal species)
- relationship is not very specific
- penetrate inside root cells
- Absorption structure (arbuscules and/or vesicles)
- important in tropics- phosphates bound in positively charged soil (acidic)
