Lecture 3 Flashcards
Define arbuscule
branched, tree like organ, in mycorrhizal fungi
What characteristics must fungi reproductive organs posses to increase their chances of success
R.A.D
R= resist- harsh conditions (hibernates)
A= adapt- to environment (sexual recombination)
D= disperse- to new environment (spores; conidia)
What are the 4 dispersal mechanisms of fungi
- ) wind dispersal
- ) rain dispersal
- ) water (stream) dispersal
- ) animal dispersal
What form are fungi dispersed
spores
What is wind dispersal; what kind of characteristics do wind dispersed spores have in common
- use of wind; eg. mushroom cap
spores:
- small
- dry
- light
- powdery texture
- UV protected
What is rain dispersal & what characteristics must the spores dispersed this way have to increase their chances of success
- use of rain, wet, splash
spores:
- sticky spores
What is water (stream) dispersal & what characteristics do the spores dispersed this way have
- use water
spores:
- complex shapes
- and/or often branched
What is animal dispersal & what characteristics do the spores dispersed this way have
- animal vector (eg. fly, cow, arthropods, mammals, etc)
spores:
- large
- sticky
- thick walled spores (resistant to digestion of animals)
true or false; insects can disperse fungal spores
true
true or false; termites create “fungus gardens” - cultivate the fungus to process leaf material so that it can be digested by the termites
true
What transports DED
- transported and inoculated by bark borrowing beetles
What controls the naming of fungi
ICN
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
what was the naming of fungi traditionally based on
appearance of teleomorphic/sexual stage of life cycle structures
What does anamorph mean
asexual stage
What does teleomorph mean
sexual stage
What revolutionized fungi classification
sequence data of genome
true or false; venturia inequalis = spilocaea pomi
true
What is the new name for Spilocaea pomi
Fusicladium pomi
What are the characteristics of chytrids
- most primitive fungi
- lack true mycelium
- coenocytic
- aseptate hyphae
- walls contain chitin
- thick walled resting spores or sporangia (prevent from drying out)
- multicellular diploid stage
- motile zoospores
- water or soil inhibiting
Where are chytrids found
water or soil inhibiting
What are 3 examples of Chytrids
- ) Physoderma alfalfae (crown wart)
- ) Olpidium brassicae (on roots of lettuce)
- ) Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) ; contributes to decline of frogs globally
What are the characteristics of Zygomycota
- have true mycelium
- aseptate generally
- coenocytic hyphae
- profuse, rapidly growing hyphae
What are the asexual structures of zygomycota
Sporangium
sporangiophore
rhizoids
What is sporangium
contains sporangiospores
What is sporangiophore
stalk that holds up sporangium
What are rhizoids
root like structures
What do you call the sexual structures of zygomycota
gemetangia
What happens after the fusion of 2 gametangia
formation of zygosporangium
What does a zygosporangium contain
- contains zygospore resistant, survival structure
Define heterothallic fungus
requires combination of a + and - strain for sexual reproduction
Define homothallic fungus
self fertile
can produce sexual structures form a single genetic strain
What is a zygomycete example of a heterothallic
Rhizopus stolonifer
How do zygomycetes disperse their spores
spore guns; like Pilobolus
dung inhabiting
5-10mm sporangiophores
light detection (phototropism)
Where can zygomycetes be found
soil saprobes
weak plant parasites
insect parasites
What is a zygomycete example of soil parasite
Entomophthora muscae
What are examples of uses of Zygomycetes in the industry
- ) Mucor and Rhizopus
- tempeh production (soybean cake) - ) Mucor
- rennet production (enzyme involved in cheese production)
3.) Rhizopus
- produces fumaric acid
(paper industry, improve strength and stiffness of paper)
